Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0684249 (lung carcinoma)
 23,830 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Basement membrane-degrading enzymes of two clonal sublines of the murine Lewis lung carcinoma with distinct patterns of organ-selective metastasis were analyzed. Subline M-27 is highly metastatic to the lung and does not form liver metastases, while subline H-59 is highly metastatic to lymph nodes and liver, but not to lung. Qualitative and quantitative differences in the enzymatic profiles were found. H-59 cells which were significantly more invasive in vitro in the Matrigel invasion assay were found by zymogram analysis to secrete high levels of a 72 kDa gelatinase, while M-27 cells produced low levels of this gelatinase and of a higher molecular weight species which migrated in the 107 kDa region. On the other hand, M-27 cells produced significantly higher levels of urokinase type plasminogen activator (uPA) as indicated by a fibrinolysis assay and by Western blot analysis. Northern blot assays revealed an increase of approx. 3-fold in mRNA for cathepsin B in tumor M-27 which was reflected in a quantitative difference in plasma membrane cathepsin B levels as detected by Western blot analysis. H-59 cells on the other hand expressed approx. 8.5-fold more mRNA for cathepsin L. The quantitative differences in the levels of basement membrane degrading proteinases released by these tumor cells suggest that invasion by these cells is differentially regulated--a possible factor in their distinct patterns of dissemination.
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PMID:Differences in the repertoires of basement membrane degrading enzymes in two carcinoma sublines with distinct patterns of site-selective metastasis. 131 14

Mechanisms of coagulation activation in situ were studied by means of immunohistochemical techniques applied to surgically resected primary adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas of the lung. Findings in these two histologic types were similar. Double-labeling techniques using macrophage-specific antibody together with antibody to either tissue factor, factor VII, factor X, or factor V revealed coincident staining for each of these coagulation factors on tumor-associated macrophages. Staining of tumor cells for these factors was rare and inconsistent. Both macrophages and fibroblasts in the tumor connective tissue stained for the a subunit of factor XIII. Fibrinogen was abundant throughout the tumor connective tissue, but staining for fibrin and D-dimer cross-linked sites of fibrin was restricted to areas adjacent to macrophages, indicating that thrombin was generated in association with tumor macrophages but not with tumor cells. By contrast, tumor cells stained diffusely for urokinase-type plasminogen activator and focally for thrombomodulin. These findings contrast with those reported previously for small cell carcinoma of the lung and suggest that coagulation activation in adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the lung may occur indirectly through activation of certain host cells such as macrophages. By contrast, tumor cell plasminogen activator may mediate certain aspects of the malignant phenotype in these tumor types.
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PMID:Coexisting macrophage-associated fibrin formation and tumor cell urokinase in squamous cell and adenocarcinoma of the lung tissues. 191 76

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-type 1 (PAI-1) was identified in extracts of Lewis lung carcinoma, and its immunohistochemical localization was studied together with that of urokinase-type (u-PA) and tissue-type (t-PA) plasminogen activators. All primary tumors (n = 11) contained heterogeneously distributed immunoreactivity against each of the three components. Most often, areas that contained u-PA immunoreactivity also contained PAI-1 immunoreactivity. However, several areas showed a strong u-PA immunoreactivity, but no or low PAI-1 immunoreactivity. The latter staining pattern was only found in peripheral areas, and usually in areas with histological signs of tissue destruction. Lung metastases always contained u-PA immunoreactivity, while PAI-1 immunoreactivity was found in most, but not all, metastases. t-PA immunoreactivity was found in a few scattered tumor cells, in primary carcinomas as well as metastases. Controls that included absorption with highly purified antigen preparations and immunoblotting, indicated that all the immunoreactivity represented genuine PAI-1, u-PA and t-PA, respectively. The results are consistent with an assumption that the plasminogen activation system, and particularly u-PA and PAI-1, plays a role in regulation of breakdown of extracellular matrix proteins during invasive growth in this carcinoma.
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PMID:Plasminogen activator inhibitor-type 1 in Lewis lung carcinoma. 210 45

Components of coagulation and fibrinolysis reactions were identified in situ by immunohistochemical staining in fresh frozen sections of small cell carcinoma of the lung tissue. Tumor cells stained positively for tissue factor, a protein that is capable of activating the extrinsic pathway of coagulation (the components of which have been seen within small cell carcinoma of the lung [SCCL] tissue), and for proteins C and S antigens. Fibrin was seen in a focal distribution at the host-tumor interface, indicating that thrombin had acted upon the fibrinogen found throughout the tumor stroma. Staining with a neoepitope-specific antibody, which does not discriminate between fibrinogen fragment D and fibrin fragment D-dimer, was similar to that of the fibrin antibody. High molecular weight urokinase-type and tissue-type plasminogen activators were seen in vascular endothelium, but neither existed within the tumor. Low molecular weight urokinase was found in rare isolated foci of tumor cells primarily adjacent to areas of necrosis. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-3 occurred in tumor cell cytoplasmic blebs and in necrotic tumor cells, but plasminogen activator inhibitors 1 and 2 were not seen. Our data suggest a mechanism for thrombin generation and fibrin formation within SCCL tissues that could support cell proliferation, stroma formation, and preservation. These features could be conductive to perpetuation of this tumor and conceivably could form the basis of the beneficial effects of antithrombotic therapy seen in SCCL.
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PMID:Abnormal regulation of coagulation/fibrinolysis in small cell carcinoma of the lung. 215 29

Treatment of tumor cells that have little if any metastatic potential with certain drugs that have little or no mutagenic activity has been found to result in marked phenotypic alterations of the cells, including development of a metastatic potential. We found that polar compounds and butyric acid, which are known to alter the expressions of normally silent genes, enhanced the lung-colonizing ability of cloned low-metastatic Lewis lung carcinoma cells. This change was accompanied by increases in the activities of degradative enzymes such as glycosidases, cathepsin B, and plasminogen activator; adhesion of the cells to culture dishes, monolayers of endothelial cells, and a subendothelial matrix; and homotypic aggregation. The effects of these drugs in enhancing the lung-colonizing ability of the cells was found to be reversible, suggesting that it was due to epigenetic alterations. Other investigators have shown that treatment of nonmetastatic tumor cells with 5-azacytidine, which causes hypomethylation of DNA and activates normally silent genes, results in the emergence of a small number of clones with a heritable but unstable metastatic phenotype. These findings suggest that epigenetic mechanisms are involved in rapid cellular phenotypic diversification and tumor progression.
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PMID:Modification of the metastatic potential of tumor cells by drugs. 243 28

Urokinase-type plasminogen activator, a neutral proteinase, seems to play a central role in the degradation of the extracellular matrix that accompanies a number of biological phenomena including inflammatory reactions and neoplasia. The effect of auranofin and retinoic acid on the plasminogen activator activity expressed by two cell types, i.e. murine macrophages and Lewis lung carcinoma cells, has been investigated. Low concentrations of both drugs (10(-6)-10(-7) M) can inhibit in vitro the induction of plasminogen activator in macrophages stimulated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. This action occurs rapidly (15 min), is irreversible and is independent of a global cytotoxic effect. Auranofin and retinoic acid remain without effect in macrophages when added after stimulation by the phorbol ester. Both drugs are thus potent inhibitors of the induction of plasminogen activator activity in macrophages, possibly through an interaction with the protein kinase C system. The plasminogen activator activity of Lewis lung carcinoma cells, which is apparently not dependent on a protein kinase C pathway, is not influenced by auranofin or retinoic acid. These observations may contribute to explain: (1) the activity of auranofin and retinoic acid in rheumatoid arthritis, and (2) the antitumor promoting activity of retinoic acid. It would be relevant to assess whether auranofin may exhibit, like retinoic acid, an antitumor-promoting activity.
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PMID:Comparison of the effects of auranofin and retinoic acid on plasminogen activator activity of peritoneal macrophages and Lewis lung carcinoma cells. 250 Jan 27

Several human lung tumor cell lines derived from large cell, squamous cell, and small cell carcinomas, as well as from mesotheliomas of the lung have been investigated for their gene expression and secretion of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA), tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA), and plasminogen activator inhibitors 1 and 2. All bronchogenic non-small cell carcinoma-derived cell lines studied could produce either plasminogen activators, their inhibitors, or both components, whereas in small cell lung carcinoma cell lines and cell lines derived from mesothelioma of the lung, no substantial amounts of any of these substances were synthesized. In detail, a large cell carcinoma-derived cell line, LCLC 97TM1, constitutively secreted large amounts of plasminogen activator. Northern blot analysis revealed RNA specific for u-PA and t-PA. Another large cell carcinoma-derived cell line, LCLC 103H, secreted smaller amounts of plasminogen activator and, additionally, plasminogen activator inhibitor. Specific mRNAs for u-PA and plasminogen activator inhibitors 1 and 2 were found in this cell line. In contrast, squamous cell carcinoma-derived cell lines secreted plasminogen activator only after treatment with the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate; enhanced levels of u-PA, t-PA, and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 mRNAs could then be demonstrated. The different expression of the plasminogen activator enzyme system distinguishes cell lines derived of non-small cell lung carcinoma from those of small cell lung carcinoma and may also reflect significant differences in the biological behavior of these tumor types.
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PMID:Synthesis and secretion of plasminogen activators and plasminogen activator inhibitors in cell lines of different groups of human lung tumors. 255 56

Type beta transforming growth factor (TGF-beta) was shown to be the serum factor responsible for inducing normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells to undergo squamous differentiation. NHBE cells were shown to have high-affinity receptors for TGF-beta. TGF-beta induced the following markers of terminal squamous differentiation in NHBE cells: (i) increase in Ca ionophore-induced formation of crosslinked envelopes; (ii) increase in extracellular activity of plasminogen activator; (iii) irreversible inhibition of DNA synthesis; (iv) decrease in clonal growth rate; and (v) increase in cell surface area. The IgG fraction of anti-TGF-beta antiserum prevented both the inhibition of DNA synthesis and the induction of differentiation by either TGF-beta or whole blood-derived serum. Therefore, TGF-beta is the primary differentiation-inducing factor in serum for NHBE cells. In contrast, TGF-beta did not inhibit DNA synthesis of human lung carcinoma cells even though the cells possess comparable numbers of TGF-beta receptors with similar affinities for the factor. Epinephrine antagonized the TGF-beta-induced inhibition of DNA synthesis and squamous differentiation of NHBE cells. Although epinephrine increased the cyclic AMP levels in NHBE cells, TGF-beta did not alter the intracellular level in NHBE cells in either the presence or absence of epinephrine. Therefore, epinephrine and TGF-beta appear to affect different intracellular pathways that control growth and differentiation processes of NHBE cells.
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PMID:Type beta transforming growth factor is the primary differentiation-inducing serum factor for normal human bronchial epithelial cells. 287 53

Glucocorticoids are cytostatic for human glioma grown at a high cell density in cell culture. The effect is not cytotoxic, appears to involve a modification of the cell surface, and has been detected with methyl prednisolone, dexamethasone, and beta-methasone. Glucocorticoids were also found to reduce malignancy-associated properties (plasminogen activator and endothelial mitogenesis) and enhance differentiation (glutamyl synthetase activity and high affinity GABA uptake). Cytostasis was also seen at high cell densities in non-small cell lung carcinoma with a concomitant reduction in plasminogen activator activity and endothelial mitogenesis. Preliminary data on surfactant production in A549 cells suggests that the repression of malignancy-associated properties is accompanied by an increase in cell differentiation. Treatment of the WIL adenocarcinoma gown as a xenograft in nude mice caused total cessation of growth and massive central necrosis in the tumor.
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PMID:Phenotypic modification of human glioma and non-small cell lung carcinoma by glucocorticoids and other agents. 287 8

Treatment of cloned low-metastatic Lewis lung carcinoma cells (P-29) with dimethylsulfoxide or butyric acid resulted in enhancement of their lung-colonizing ability. This was accompanied with increases in cathepsin B activity, the production of plasminogen activator, and adhesiveness, mainly heterotypic adhesion (adhesion to monolayers of endothelial cells) of dimethylsulfoxide-treated cells and homotypic aggregation of butyric acid-treated cells. Treatment of P-29 cells with 8-bromoadenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-bromo-cyclic AMP) also resulted in increases in cathepsin B activity and the production of plasminogen activator. However, it did not enhance either heterotypic adhesion or homotypic aggregation of the cells. The lung-colonizing ability of 8-bromo-cyclic AMP-treated P-29 cells was examined after their intravenous injection into male C57BL/6 mice. It was found that these cells did not have enhanced lung-colonizing ability. These results suggest that high activities of proteolytic enzymes such as cathepsin B and plasminogen activator in tumor cells are not sufficient alone for completing the metastatic process, but that other properties of tumor cells such as adhesiveness are also necessary.
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PMID:Effects of 8-bromoadenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate on proteolytic enzymes, adhesiveness and lung-colonizing ability of cloned low-metastatic Lewis lung carcinoma cells. 302 66


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