Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0684249 (lung carcinoma)
 23,830 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To reach a clinically detectable size, neoplasms must be able to suppress or evade a host immune response. Activated T cells may enter apoptosis in the presence of Fas ligand (FasL) (1), and tissue expression of FasL has been shown to contribute to immune privilege in the eye and testis (2, 3). We have demonstrated that all human lung carcinoma cell lines tested (16 of 16) express a Mr 38,000 protein consistent with FasL by immunoblotting, whereas the majority of resected tumors (23 of 28) show positive staining for FasL by immunohistochemistry. DNA sequencing of reverse transcription-PCR products from lung cancer cells and resected lung tumors confirms the presence of human FasL mRNA in these neoplastic tissues. Furthermore, lung carcinoma cells are capable of killing a Fas-sensitive human T cell line (Jurkat) in coculture experiments; this killing was inhibited by a recombinant form of the soluble portion of the Fas receptor (FasFc). FasL expression by neoplastic cells represents a potential mechanism for peripheral deletion of tumor-reactive T-cell clones.
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PMID:Human lung carcinomas express Fas ligand. 906 60

Recent works from this laboratory demonstrated potent inhibition of Fas-induced apoptosis in alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) by the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor captopril [B. D. Uhal, C. Gidea, R. Bargout, A. Bifero, O. Ibarra-Sunga, M. Papp, K. Flynn, and G. Filippatos. Am. J. Physiol. 275 (Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 19): L1013-L1017, 1998] and induction of dose-dependent apoptosis in AECs by purified angiotensin (ANG) II [R. Wang, A. Zagariya, O. Ibarra-Sunga, C. Gidea, E. Ang, S. Deshmukh, G. Chaudhary, J. Baraboutis, G. Filippatos and B. D. Uhal. Am. J. Physiol. 276 (Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 20): L885-L889, 1999]. These findings led us to hypothesize that the synthesis and binding of ANG II to its receptor might be involved in the induction of AEC apoptosis by Fas. Apoptosis was induced in the AEC-derived human lung carcinoma cell line A549 or in primary AECs isolated from adult rats with receptor-activating anti-Fas antibodies or purified recombinant Fas ligand, respectively. Apoptosis in response to either Fas activator was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by the nonthiol ACE inhibitor lisinopril or the nonselective ANG II receptor antagonist saralasin, with maximal inhibitions of 82 and 93% at doses of 0.5 and 5 microg/ml, respectively. In both cell types, activation of Fas caused a significant increase in the abundance of mRNA for angiotensinogen (ANGEN) that was unaffected by saralasin. Transfection with antisense oligonucleotides against ANGEN mRNA inhibited the subsequent induction of Fas-stimulated apoptosis by 70% in A549 cells and 87% in primary AECs (both P < 0.01). Activation of Fas increased the concentration of ANG II in the serum-free extracellular medium 3-fold in primary AECs and 10-fold in A549 cells. Apoptosis in response to either Fas activator was completely abrogated by neutralizing antibodies specific for ANG II (P < 0.01), but isotype-matched nonimmune immunoglobulins had no significant effect. These data indicate that the induction of AEC apoptosis by Fas requires a functional renin-angiotensin system in the target cell. They also suggest that therapeutic control of AEC apoptosis is feasible through pharmacological manipulation of the local renin-angiotensin system.
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PMID:Fas-induced apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells requires ANG II generation and receptor interaction. 1060 Aug 97

Intramuscular (i.m.) injection of a plasmid encoding human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) elicited immunity against transplanted syngeneic (C57BL/6) CEA-positive Lewis lung carcinoma (CEA/LLC) cells, but tumors still appeared in all mice. In wild-type mice, coinjection of an IL-12 plasmid markedly enhanced anti-CEA humoral, T-helper-1 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses, and resistance to a CEA/LLC tumor challenge such that 80% of mice remained tumor free. Injection of the IL- 12 plasmid alone was not protective. To analyze immune requirements, we immunized gene knockout (KO) mice of C57BL/6 background, deficient in either CD3, CD4, CD8, interferon gamma (IFNgamma), perforin or Fas ligand (FasL). Only CD3+ mice expressing both CD4 and CD8, which appear equally important, as well as IFNgamma and perforin, could fully resist a tumor challenge. IL-12 stimulated CTL activity, which was strictly CD3/CD8/perforin-dependent. FasL-KO mice had normal CTL activity and tumor resistance, indicating that only the perforin lytic pathway was involved. CD4-KO and IFNgamma-KO mice still generated CTLs. CEA-stimulated IFNgamma production occurred in both CD4- or CD8-KO mice and in both cases was augmented by IL-12. In IFNgamma-KO mice, IL-12 still enhanced anti-CEA antibody production but only moderately restored impaired DTH and tumor resistance. We conclude that the immune requirements for tumor rejection are stringent, involving multiple mechanisms which are all enhanced by IL-12.
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PMID:IL-12 plasmid-enhanced DNA vaccination against carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) studied in immune-gene knockout mice. 1102 90

Interaction between Fas and Fas ligand (FasL) induces apoptotic cell death of Fas-positive cells. Expression of FasL on tumors therefore possibly kills activated Fas-positive cytotoxic T cells that infiltrated into the tumors and consequently the tumors can evade from systemic immune responses. Previous studies however showed that forced expression of FasL in tumors induced neutrophil-mediated inflammatory reactions and accordingly produced T cell independent antitumor effects in the inoculated animals. We then analyzed the FasL-mediated antitumor responses with genetically mutated mice. Murine lung carcinoma (A11) cells transfected with the FasL gene (A11/FasL), which was able to kill Fas-positive B cells, did not form subcutaneous tumors and produced few lung spontaneous metastatic foci in immunocompetent mice. The mice that rejected A11/FasL cells developed tumor-specific protective immunity. A11/FasL cells were also rejected in T cell-defective nude mice and in CD18-deficient mice which showed impaired neutrophil functions, but not in Fas-defective (lpr/lpr) mutant mice. Antitumor activities on A11 cells were dependent on the number of co-injected A11/FasL cells but those on irrelevant B16 murine melanoma cells were not produced even with a large number of co-injected A11/FasL cells. In contrast to previous reports, the present study implies that T cells can also be effectors of FasL-mediated antitumor responses and neutrophils are not absolutely required for the responses.
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PMID:T cell dependent and independent antitumor immunity generated by the expression of Fas ligand on mouse lung carcinoma cells. 1183 34

The interaction between Fas and Fas ligand (FasL) is involved in the apoptotic death of a number of cells including lymphocytes. Forced expression of FasL in tumors can induce apoptosis of infiltrating Fas-positive T cells; accordingly, tumors can survive in the milieu of systemic immune responses. However, FasL-expressing murine lung carcinoma (A11) and melanoma (B16) cells did not develop subcutaneous tumors and FasL-expressing A11 (A11/FasL) cells produced few spontaneous lung metastatic foci in syngeneic mice. The mice that rejected A11/FasL cells were resistant to subsequent challenge of parent A11 but not irrelevant B16 cells. Vaccination of mice with UV-treated A11/FasL, but not UV-treated A11 cells, however, augmented the growth rate of A11 but not B16 tumors, both of which were subsequently inoculated. The number of lung metastatic foci of A11 cells was also increased in the mice that received UV-treated A11/FasL but not UV-treated A11 cells. Intraperitoneal injection of UV-treated A11/FasL cells resulted in the production of larger amounts of immunosuppressive TGF-beta in peritoneal exudate than that of UV-treated A11 cells. Expression of the CD80 costimulatory molecule in tissues where UV-treated A11/FasL cells were inoculated was lower than the expression at an untreated A11/FasL-injected site. Our results indicated that apoptotic FasL-expressing tumor cells could impair host immune responses against the tumors, in contrast to potent antitumor immunity generated by viable FasL-expressing tumors.
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PMID:Fas ligand-expressing tumors induce tumor-specific protective immunity in the inoculated hosts but vaccination with the apoptotic tumors suppresses antitumor immunity. 1253 2

Both intrinsic and acquired resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs are major obstacles in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer. Apart from classical drug resistance mechanisms, the failure of tumor cells to undergo apoptosis also plays an important role in drug resistance. Mutations and defects in the apoptotic pathway are, therefore, additional factors that determine drug resistance. The tumor suppressor gene p53, the retinoblastoma gene, and the bcl-2 family members are important factors in this pathway. Recently much attention has been drawn to different apoptotic pathways induced by naturally occurring death receptor ligands (such as tumor necrosis factor, Fas ligand, and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) or induced by drugs that affect the downstream pathway from the epidermal growth factor receptor. Insight regarding the proteins that determine sensitivity for chemotherapeutic drugs could provide new targets for cancer treatment, which may help to at least partly overcome drug resistance in non-small-cell lung cancer
Clin Lung Cancer 2002 Nov
PMID:The role of apoptosis-related genes in non-small-cell lung cancer. 1470 67

Sodium 4-phenylbutyrate (PB) has been used in the therapy of urea cycle defects for many years. Recently, it has been shown to cause cellular differentiation, growth arrest, and apoptosis in certain malignancies. We have analyzed the effects of PB on human lung carcinoma cells. PB has distinct patterns of effects on different lung carcinoma cells, inducing apoptosis in NCI-H460 and NCI-H1792 cells, causing G1 arrest in A549 and SK-LU-1 cells, but having no effect on a non-transformed bronchial epithelial cell line HBE4-E6/E7. We investigated the role of MAP kinase family members, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), JNK, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), as well as other important cell survival signaling molecules in PB-induced apoptosis. We observed activation of JNK and ERK by PB in the lung cancer cells. JNK was activated only in the two apoptotic cells, whereas ERK was activated in both the apoptotic and the growth-arrested cells, demonstrating a correlation between apoptosis and activation of JNK in response to PB. Both JNK inhibitor and JNK RNA interference (RNAi) inhibited PB-induced apoptosis, whereas MEK inhibitor did not, supporting that apoptosis induced by PB is through activation of JNK. De novo protein synthesis is required for the PB-induced JNK activation and induction of apoptosis. However, the production of known upstream activators of JNK, namely Fas/Fas ligand, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, TNF-beta, and TRAIL, are not altered by PB treatment. Therefore, PB activates JNK through an unidentified and cell type-specific mechanism. Understanding of this mechanism is of therapeutic value in treating cancer patients with PB.
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PMID:Sodium 4-phenylbutyrate induces apoptosis of human lung carcinoma cells through activating JNK pathway. 1538 86

Deficiency of Fas expression is one of mechanisms involved in the immune evasion by tumors. Several antitumor drugs, such as doxorubicin (DOX) increase Fas expression in tumor cells and sensitize the cells to Fas-mediated apoptosis in vitro. However, the significance of the Fas expression in vivo is still unclear. Therefore, we examined a role of Fas expression on antitumor effect of DOX using a syngeneic tumor model of Lewis lung carcinoma (3LL) cells in C57BL/6-gld mice that lack functional Fas ligand (FasL). In vitro, anti-Fas agonistic antibody, Jo2, did not decrease a viable cell number of 3LL cells in the absence of DOX, whereas it significantly reduced the cell viability in the presence of DOX. The treatment with DOX alone at the same dose did not induce cell death. Flowcytometric analysis of Fas expression revealed that 3LL cells expressed only a marginal amount of Fas, but the treatment of the cells with DOX increased the expression of Fas in the cell surface. When splenic T cells were prepared from 3LL-bearing C57BL/6 mice, the splenic T cells significantly killed DOX-pretreated 3LL cells more than untreated 3LL cells. In the syngeneic models, DOX inhibited growth of 3LL solid tumor both in wild-type C57BL/6 mice and in Fas-deficient C57BL/6-lpr mice, but it failed in C57BL/6-gld mice, suggesting that the interaction between host FasL and tumor Fas is involved in the antitumor effect of DOX. Furthermore, Fas expression was increased in the solid tumor by the treatment of DOX. These results suggest that the antitumor effect of DOX is partly exerted by the Fas expression and host immune defense.
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PMID:Involvement of doxorubicin-induced Fas expression in the antitumor effect of doxorubicin on Lewis lung carcinoma in vivo. 1565 59

The effect of adenosine and its analogues on the cytotoxic activity of IL-2-activated NK cells was investigated. Adenosine is an endogenous ligand for four different adenosine receptor (AdoR) subtypes (AdoRA1, AdoRA2A, AdoRA2B, and AdoRA3). Increased concentrations of adenosine were found in ascites of MethA sarcoma or in culture medium of 3LL Lewis lung carcinoma growing under hypoxic conditions. We hypothesize that intratumor adenosine impairs the ability of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells to kill tumor cells. The effect of AdoR engagement on LAK cells cytotoxic activity was analyzed using AdoR agonists and antagonists as well as LAK cells generated from AdoR knockout mice. Adenosine and its analogues efficiently inhibited the cytotoxic activity of LAK cells. CGS21680 (AdoRA2A agonist) and 5-N-ethylcarboxamide adenosine (NECA) (AdoRA2A/ADoRA2B agonist) inhibited LAK cell cytotoxicity in parallel with their ability to increase cAMP production. The inhibitory effects of stable adenosine analog 2-chloroadenosine (CADO) and AdoRA2 agonists were blocked by AdoRA2 antagonist ZM 241385. Adenosine and its analogues impair LAK cell function by interfering with both perforin-mediated and Fas ligand-mediated killing pathways. Studies with LAK cells generated from AdoRA1-/- and AdoRA3-/- mice ruled out any involvement of these AdoRs in the inhibitory effects of adenosine. LAK cells with genetically disrupted AdoRA2A were resistant to the inhibitory effects of adenosine, CADO and NECA. However, with extremely high concentrations of CADO or NECA, mild inhibition of LAK cytotoxicity was observed that was probably mediated via AdoRA2B signaling. Thus, by using pharmacological and genetic blockage of AdoRs, our results clearly indicate the prime importance of cAMP elevating AdoR2A in the inhibitory effect of adenosine on LAK cell cytotoxicity. The elevated intratumor levels of adenosine might inhibit the antitumor effects of activated NK cells.
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PMID:Gs protein-coupled adenosine receptor signaling and lytic function of activated NK cells. 1617 79

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are essential for extracellular matrix (ECM) breakdown and repair, and have been implicated in the development of metastases. TIMP-3 was initially identified as a potent inhibitor of MMPs, however it also has several properties that are unique and not related to its ability to abrogate MMPs. We studied the effects of overexpression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3 (TIMP-3) on lung cancer cells and explored the mechanisms involved in apoptosis-induction in susceptible cells and subsequently, the therapeutic effect in vivo. Overexpression of TIMP-3 resulted in apoptosis of A549 lung cancer cells and AdCMVTIMP3 up-regulated the expression of p53, Fas ligand, TNFR1 and TNFR2 on these cells. Adenoviral delivery of TIMP-3 gene inhibited the growth of pre-established A549 tumours in Balb/c nude mice, and was associated with a greater therapeutic effect than either TIMP-1 or -2 gene delivery. There was no evidence of increased hepatic toxicity following the delivery of TIMP-3 either from intra-tumoural or intravenous injection. Thus, at least in cells showing in vitro susceptibility, TIMP-3 gene therapy offers a therapeutic advantage over TIMPs 1 and 2. These findings establish the potential of adenoviral gene delivery of TIMP3 as a therapeutic agent for selected lung cancers.
Lung Cancer 2006 Sep
PMID:In vitro susceptibility to the pro-apoptotic effects of TIMP-3 gene delivery translates to greater in vivo efficacy versus gene delivery for TIMPs-1 or -2. 2731


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