Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0684249 (lung carcinoma)
 23,830 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

17 patients with severe hyponatraemia (none had cardiac failure or had lately had an operation) all had excessively high plasma-antidiuretic hormone (A.D.H.). Only 13 had features typical of the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of A.D.H. (S.I.A.D.H.). Plasma-A.D.H. was not related to either plasma-sodium or diagnosis. There were as many patients with chest infection as with carcinoma of the lung. Plasma-sodium and plasma-A.D.H. returned rapidly towards normal in the patients with chest infection or volume depletion but these concentrations corrected much more slowly in patients with carcinoma of the lung. The increase in plasma-sodium in patients with chest infection was too rapid to be produced by water-deprivation treatment and was due to return of plasma-A.D.H. to normal. The term S.I.A.D.H. implies an understanding of pathophysiology that does not exist. As a diagnosis it does not help in management or prognosis. A simpler, more descriptive terminology such as "hyponatraemia with carcinoma of the lung" would be more useful and less confusing in the clinical situation.
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PMID:Severe hyponatraemia. A study of 17 patients. 7 64

In 36 patients with neoplastic diseases 72 episodes of hypercalcaemia with serum-calcium levels greater than or equal to 2.75 mmol/l were treated (19 breast carcinoma; 9 bronchial or lung carcinoma; 5 multiple myeloma; 1 each jejunal carcinoid, malignant lymphoma, phaeochromocytoma). Cardinal symptoms were mental, neuromuscular and renal during the hypercalcaemic episodes. Mithramycin is preferred to other methods (infusion of sodium chloride and frusemide, prednisone, sodium-potassium-phosphate infusion) of treating acute or subacute hypercalcaemia. Mithramycin in a single injection of 20-25 microgram/kg body-weight intravenously is usually sufficient to counteract a hypercalcaemic phase for at least 7-10 days, often much longer. There was a highly significant fall in serum-calcium levels from two days onwards after mithramycin injection. Toxic side-effects were minimal and restricted to transitory increase in transaminase levels, initially 5-6 times normal with a maximum on the third day and normalisation on the fifth day after mithramycin administration.
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PMID:[Treatment of hypercalcaemic syndrome in tumour patients, especially with mithramycin]. 14 99

Daily arginine-vasopressin (AVP) excretion was determined by radioimmunoassay in 60 consecutive cases of untreated lung carcinoma. Control excretion was 61 +/- 34 (SD) in 41 healthy subjects and 50 +/- 38 ng/24 h in 10 patients with chronic lung diseases. Overall 20 out of the 60 cases of lung carcinoma presented with abnormally elevated urinary AVP; In the group with anaplastic oat-cell carcinoma, 15 of 23 had elevated urinary AVP with a mean of 370 +/- 331 (SD) ng/24 h if 2 cases with extremely high values of 11 100 and 55 300 ng/24 h respectively are excluded. None of the 9 patients with large-cell carcinoma had elevated urinary AVP, while only 3 of the 19 cases of epidermoid carcinoma and 2 of the 9 cases of adenocarcinoma had high urinary AVP, with means of 127 +/- 8 and 125 +/- 12 ng/24 h respectively. Plasma osmolality and sodium correlated inversely with AVP excretion. However, only 10 of 23 patients with increased urinary AVP had decreased plasma sodium, although one became hyponatremic 9 weeks later. In one patient AVP excretion normalized after radiotherapy. Plasma renin activity and urinary aldosterone were usually low when urinary AVP was high. Two cases with elevated plasma luteotrophic hormone and another with elevated plasma ACTH, all three presenting with oat-cell carcinoma, were found;
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PMID:[Daily excretion of antidiuretic hormone in bronchial carcinoma]. 19 8

Inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone or Schwartz-Bartter syndrome is considered to be a paraneoplastic endocrine syndrome, most frequently associated with a small cell anaplastic carcinoma of the lung. The authors present a case of sub-glottal laryngeal carcinoma discovered several months after the onset of clinical (disturbances of conscious level) and laboratory (hyponatraemia, hypochloraemia, blood hypo-osmolarity which preservation of urinary sodium output) manifestations which form the original features of this syndrome, the criteria of which are reviewed. The y conclude by the need for complete examination, not excluding unusual sites of primary tumour.
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PMID:[Schwartz-Bartter syndrome. Presentation of a sub-glottal small cell laryngeal carcinoma (author's transl)]. 50 41

Bronchial provocation tests with gentamicin solution, 40 mg/ml, and with the drug vehicle solution alone were carried out in 29 subjects aged 19 to 66 years. There were 18 subjects with bronchial asthma, four with chronic bronchitis, four with primary carcinoma of the lung, and three with no chest disease. Two millilitres of each of the two test solutions was given to each subject, in duplicate, via a nebuliser driven by a Bird Mark 8 respirator. Ventilatory function (FEV1 and VC) was measured before and after each inhalation, and changes were expressed as percentage variations from baseline. Seven subjects, all from the asthmatic group, developed at least one immediate FEV1 fall of 20% or more. The reactions ranged up to 71% and occurred to both test solutions. There was a trend towards greater reactions to the vehicle. In two subjects pretreatment with salbutamol and sodium cromoglycate did not modify these reactions. In three of the seven, inhalation of 2 ml normal saline produced FEV1 falls of 25% to 30%, but these falls were not as great as each subject's reactions to the test solutions. Skin prick tests using the gentamicin solution were negative in all subjects. These results show that substantial obstructive reactions may occur in some asthmatic subjects after inhalation of gentamicin. The reactions appear to be non-immunological in nature and may be due to an irritant effect of the drug vehicle.
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PMID:Ventilatory effects of aerosol gentamicin. 64 39

Mechanisms contributing to reduced cytotoxic drug accumulation were studied in two multidrug-resistant (MDR) human lung cancer cell lines without P-glycoprotein expression. In these (non-small cell) SW-1573/2R120 and (small cell) GLC4/ADR MDR cells, the steady-state accumulation of [14C]daunorubicin was 30 and 12%, respectively, of that in the parent cells. When cells, at steady state, were permeabilized with digitonin, the amount of daunorubicin binding increased only in the resistant cells. The reduced accumulation of daunorubicin in the SW-1573/2R120 and GLC4/ADR cells was accompanied by a lower initial (2 min) uptake rate of this drug. No difference in initial efflux rate of daunorubicin from preloaded cells could be detected between sensitive and resistant SW-1573 cells. However, daunorubicin was extruded 5-fold faster from GLC4/ADR cells than from the parental cells. In the presence of the energy metabolism inhibitors sodium azide and deoxyglucose, the reduced daunorubicin accumulations in the SW-1573/2R120 and GLC4/ADR MDR cells were (almost) completely reversed. The effects of these inhibitors on drug uptake were already apparent during the earliest measured time points (less than 15 s). Also, the enhanced efflux of daunorubicin from GLC4/ADR cells was inhibited. In ATP-depleted cells, the intracellular pH was lowered by approximately 0.3 units in resistant as well as in sensitive cells. The lower intracellular pH, however, could not account for the increase in daunorubicin accumulation in the resistant cells. Also, for vincristine and etoposide, the increases in drug accumulation under energy-deprived conditions were more pronounced in the resistant SW-1573/2R120 cells than in the parent SW-1573 cells. These results suggest that accumulation of drugs in the non-P-glycoprotein MDR human lung carcinoma cell lines SW-1573/2R120 and GLC4/ADR is reduced by an energy-dependent drug export mechanism which prevents efficient transport of drug to the target. Since P-glycoprotein expression in lung tumors is generally low, these MDR lung cancer cell lines can be used as a model to study alternative mechanisms leading to multidrug resistance in this tumor type.
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PMID:Energy-dependent processes involved in reduced drug accumulation in multidrug-resistant human lung cancer cell lines without P-glycoprotein expression. 130 22

Retrospective data on 22 pretreatment attributes were evaluated in 614 patients with small-cell carcinoma of the lung (SCCL). The series included 284 patients with limited disease (LD) and 328 patients with extensive disease (ED) managed between 1974 and 1986. Prognostic factors were evaluated by univariate analysis and by the Cox multivariate regression model. Recursive partition and amalgamation algorithm (RECPAM), two clustering methods well suited for obtaining strata and adapted for censoring survival data, were developed and used in the formulation of a new prognostic staging system. In univariate analysis, prognosis was significantly influenced by extent of disease (DE), the number of metastatic sites, and the detection of mediastinal spread in LD. Poor performance status (PS), male sex, and advanced age were negatively correlated with survival, as were increased serum levels of alkaline phosphates (AP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), total WBC count (WBCC), and low platelet count and low serum sodium. The Cox model identified plasma LDH and mediastinal spread as the only significant factors in LD; the influence of PS, number of metastatic sites, bone metastasis, brain metastasis, and platelet count were identified as significant in ED. The RECPAM model identified four distinct risk groups defined in a classification tree by the following eight attributes: DE, PS, serum AP, serum LDH, mediastinal spread, sex, WBCC, and liver metastasis. The four groups were distinguished by median survival times of 59, 49, 35, and 24 weeks, respectively (P = .0001). Interactions among prognostic factors are emphasized in the RECPAM classification model as evidenced by reassignment of patients across conventional staging barriers into alternate prognostic groups. The advantages of using RECPAM over the more conventional Cox regression techniques for a new staging system are discussed.
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PMID:Small-cell carcinoma of the lung: derivation of a prognostic staging system. 165 96

A new in vivo system of monitoring tumor cell induced blood vessel growth using a sodium alginate entrapment process was developed. The alginate polymer of guluronic and mannuronic acids surrounds and sequesters cells from direct contact with their immediate environment, but permits diffusible angiogenic factors to pass through to induce neovascularization in the host. The alginate beads containing tumor cells were injected subcutaneously into animals and coalesced as a point source. The tumor cells are protected from direct contact with the host's immune system, so that various tumor types may be evaluated for their angiogenic potential across histocompatibility or species barriers. C57BI/6, BALB/c and nude mice as well as squirrel monkeys were used as host animals. This provided tumor cell testing in a syngeneic, allogeneic, or xenogeneic system. We found that alginate-Lewis lung carcinoma cells were potent inducers of blood vessel growth. As few as 100 alginate-Lewis lung carcinoma cells were needed to induce macroscopically visible blood vessels by 3 days. Dose-response experiments with alginate-Lewis lung carcinoma cells showed a greater level of blood vessel induction as cell numbers increased. Neovascularization was monitored qualitatively by macroscopic photography and microscopic histologic evaluation. Also, neovascularization was monitored quantitatively by measuring the level of hemoglobin at the injection site of alginate or by measuring the amount of radioactive red blood cells pooled at the injection site of the alginate beads. Both the measured levels of hemoglobin and radiolabeled red blood cells increased at the alginate site with each log increase of tumor cells delivered, which paralleled our findings at the macroscopic and microscopic level. This in vivo angiogenesis model was relatively simple and the procedures technically easy to perform. Most importantly, this model allowed both a qualitative and quantitative assessment of tumor-induced blood vessel growth.
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PMID:An in vivo quantitative angiogenesis model using tumor cells entrapped in alginate. 169

Most of the symptoms from a malignant tumor are caused by local invasion by the tumor, or obstruction, either at the site of the primary disease or by metastases. However, tumors can produce symptoms at a remote site. Patients with gastrointestinal malignancy may present with symptoms which include dysphagia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, bleeding and ascites. Palliation gastrectomy delays or prevents these symptoms. About 30% of gastric carcinomas are inoperable at the time of presentation. Chemotherapy is rarely effective in the palliation of gastric carcinoma. Laser irradiation can be delivered to assay site accessible to fibreoptic endoscopy, which is an advantage over endocavity irradiation or diathermy fulguration. Ascites is a common and disabling implication in patients with advanced malignant disease. Spironolactone will increase urinary sodium excretion significantly and control their ascites. If spironolactone fails to control, useful control can be achieved by draining the ascites. Patients with carcinoma of the lung may present with symptoms that include cough, bloody sputum and dyspnoea. Pain in the chest wall is usually secondary to invasion of the parietal pleura, ribs or intercostal nerves. Lesions in the medial portion of the right upper lobe, or mediastinal metastases, may invade or compress the superior vena cava, causing venous hypertension with oedema of the head and arms. The patients may complain of dyspnoea, dysphagia, stridor and headaches. Radiotherapy can be expected to improve the quality of life for these patients. Successful palliation of symptoms is almost related to tumor regression. The problems of obstruction and bleeding from malignant tumor is common. Recently, laser techniques have been applied to aid in palliation of these problems. Malignant effusion may occur early and be the first signs of metastases. The aim of therapy is to evacuate the fluid and induce pleural adhesion. One of the sad situations that we have to face is the patient with recurrent cancer which complains of various symptoms. The relief of symptoms is the most important palliative therapy to them.
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PMID:[Palliative therapy in cancer. 3. Palliation of the symptoms from a malignant tumor (1)]. 169 82

The recovery of the enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (pADPRp) in the nuclease- and 1.6 M NaCl-resistant nuclear subfraction prepared from a number of different sources was assessed by Western blotting. When rat liver nuclei were treated with DNase I and RNase A followed by 1.6 M NaCl, approximately 10% of the nuclear pADPRp was recovered in the sedimentable fraction. The proportion of pADPRp recovered with the residual fraction decreased to less than 5% of the total nuclear polymerase when nuclei were prepared in the presence of the sulfhydryl blocking reagent iodoacetamide and increased to approximately 50% of the total nuclear pADPRp when nuclei were treated with the sulfhydryl cross-linking reagent sodium tetrathionate (NaTT) prior to fractionation. To determine whether this effect of disulfide bond formation was unique to rat liver nuclei, nuclear matrix/cytoskeleton structures were prepared in situ by sequentially treating monolayers of tissue culture cells with Nonidet-P40, DNase I and RNase A, and 1.6 M NaCl (S.H. Kaufmann and J.H. Shaper (1991) Exp. Cell Res. 192, 511-523). When nuclear monolayers were prepared from HTC rat hepatoma cells, CaLu-1 human lung carcinoma cells, and CHO hamster ovary cells in the absence of NaTT, pADPRp was undetectable in the nuclease- and 1.6 M NaCl-resistant fraction. In contrast, when nuclear monolayers were isolated in the presence of NaTT, from 5% (CaLu-1) to 26% (HTC cells) of the total nuclear pADPRp was recovered with the nuclease- and salt-resistant fraction. Examination of these residual structures by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under nonreducing conditions suggested that pADPRp was present as a component of disulfide cross-linked complexes. Further analysis by immunofluorescence revealed that the pADPRp was diffusely distributed throughout the CaLu-1 or CHO nuclear matrix. In addition, when matrices were prepared in the absence of RNase A, pADPRp was also observed in the residual nucleoli. These observations reveal that the recovery of pADPRp with a nuclease- and salt-resistant nuclear subfraction is dependent on the source of the nuclei and on the conditions used to fractionate those nuclei. In addition, these observations raise the possibility that there might be different functional classes of pADPRp molecules within the nucleus.
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PMID:Association of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase with the nuclear matrix: the role of intermolecular disulfide bond formation, RNA retention, and cell type. 170 86


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