Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0684249 (lung carcinoma)
 23,830 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Enolase is a glycolytic enzyme widely distributed in each mammalian tissue and consists of three distinct subunits alpha, beta, and gamma. In the brain enolase exhibits three dimetric isozymic forms: alpha alpha, alpha gamma and gamma gamma. The gamma protein subunit has recently been found to be identical with the nervous system-specific and species-nonspecific protein, 14-3-2; therefore, alpha gamma and gamma gamma types of enolase were characterized as neuron-specific enolase (NSE). NSE has been also detected in the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal medulla and pancreas, all of which contain neuroendocrine cells. Recently NSE was observed by immunostaining or radioimmunoassay in neuroendocrine tumor such as glucagonomas, insulinomas, gut carcinoids, medullary thyroid carcinomas or neuroblastomas. Furthermore, small cell carcinoma of the lung which has been known to frequently exhibit neuroendocrine properties was found to produce NSE. In this paper NSE as a tumor marker in various cancers was evaluated by immunostaining or enzyme immunoassay which was developed by a co-worker Kato. The data revealed that serum NSE was clinically useful as a tumor marker, especially a monitoring marker of disease extent. NSE productions were also observed in adenocarcinoma of the colon or the lung and large cell carcinoma of the lung as well as small cell carcinoma of the lung and the esophagus, all of which were considered to share the biochemical features of neuroendocrine tumor. The evidence challenges a speculation that small cell carcinoma of the lung has an origin separated from the other histological types of lung carcinoma. In this meaning NSE is an important tumor marker for both clinical medicine and basic research.
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PMID:[Neuron-specific enolase as a new tumor marker]. 634 46

Serum levels of nervous system-specific enolase (alpha gamma form plus gamma gamma form) were determined in 18 patients with neuroblastoma and in 40 control infants by means of a sandwich enzyme immunoassay method specific to the gamma subunit (or 14-3-2 protein) of enolase isozymes. Levels in patients with neuroblastoma were elevated (mean, 70.3; range, 6.2 to 330.0 ng/mL) when compared with those of control subjects (4.3 +/- 1.7 ng/mL). Most of the patients (6/7), whose serum nervous system-specific enolase level increased more than 100 ng/mL, died within 1 month. Serial measurements in patients with neuroblastoma receiving various therapies have revealed that there was a good correlation between serum nervous system-specific enolase levels and the course of the disease. These results indicate that the nervous system-specific enolase in serum may be a valuable marker for therapeutic monitoring of patients with neuroblastoma, as reported recently in patients with small-cell carcinoma of the lung.
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PMID:Nervous system-specific enolase in serum as a marker for neuroblastoma. 635 7

A practicable sandwich-type enzyme immunoassay for neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in human serum was established by the use of purified antibodies to bovine neuron-specific gamma gamma-enolase. The assay system consisted of polystyrene balls (6.5 mm in diameter) with immobilized antibody F(ab')2 fragments and the same antibody Fab' fragments labeled with beta-D-galactosidase from Escherichia coli. The assay could be performed within a working day. The assay system had a minimum detectable sensitivity of 50 pg per assay tube or 1 microgram per liter of NSE in human serum. The assay did not cross-react with nonspecific alpha alpha-enolase and muscle-specific beta beta-enolase. Coefficients of variation in within-assay and between-assay of serum NSE were less than 10%. Serum NSE values (n = 79) determined with the present method correlated well with those obtained by the previously developed method (correlation coefficient r = 0.96, y = 0.92x - 0.83). Serum NSE concentrations of healthy subjects were less than 5 micrograms per liter and those in sera of patients with small-cell carcinoma of the lung were enhanced.
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PMID:Practicable enzyme immunoassay for neuron-specific enolase in human serum. 639 87

The prognostic value of clinical and pathological factors in 97 patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), were analyzed through immunohistochemical methods. The impact on response rate and survival of age, Karnofsky performance status (PS), sex, NSCLC subtype and grade, extent of disease, objective chemotherapy response, LDH values, metastatic sites involved and immunohistochemical markers of neuroendocrine differentiation (neuron specific enolase (NSE), synaptophysin (Sy 38), chromogranin (Chr A) and Leu-7) were analyzed. Median age was 61 years and seven patients were women. Histologically, 58 had squamous cell carcinoma, 28 adenocarcinoma and 11 large cell undifferentiated carcinoma. One patient had Stage II, 35 Stage IIIa, 19 Stage IIIb and 42 Stage IV. Six patients achieved complete response, 18 partial response, 34 stable disease and 39 progressive disease. NSE was negative in 54.3% of cases as was Sy 38 (77.4%), Chr A (97.8%) and Leu-7 (95.8%). We have found correlation between neuroendocrine differentiation and absence of P-Glycoprotein expression; patients included in this subset had a higher response rate but no evidence of longer survival. The univariate analysis showed that four parameters had significant adverse effect on survival: non-responders, poor PS, abnormal LDH value and absence of NSE expression. Multivariate analysis showed that the best combination of independent prognostic factors in predicting survival was: PS and NSE expression by immunohistochemical methods.
Lung Cancer 1993 Dec
PMID:Neuroendocrine differentiation as a prognostic factor in non-small cell lung cancer. 752 Dec 64

68 cases of lung carcinoma, 3 carcinoids and 15 fibrosing alveolitis with foci of adenomatosis and bronchiolo-alveolar carcinoma were studied. Oncoproteins c-fos, c-jun, c-ets-1, c-myc L and L-myc were identified in the tumour and surrounding tissue. Expression of c-fos was revealed in 79 of 138(59.4%) of proliferative and dysplastic changes of lung epithelium; c-jun in 40 of 61 (65.6%), c-ets-1 in 22 of 41 (53.7%), c-myc in 41 of 96(42.7%) and L-myc in 15 of 61 (24.6%), mainly in altered bronchial epithelium with a positive reaction to the antibodies against neuron specific enolase and S100 protein. More pronounced expression of nuclear oncoproteins, heterogeneity of their location in tissues, frequent cytoplasmic location in tumour cells were typical for lung carcinoma.
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PMID:[Nuclear oncoprotein expression in lung precancer and cancer at various stages of tumor progression studies at the level of light- and electron-immunohistochemistry]. 760 17

In 93 patients with inoperable non-small cell lung carcinoma who underwent chemotherapy including cisplatin, the prognostic value of 9 factors were determined using Cox's proportional hazard model. Univariate analysis revealed that patients with a performance status of grade 2 (p < 0.01) or 3 (p < 0.05), those with stage IV disease (p < 0.05), those with a serum neuron specific enolase (NSE) level > 7.0 ng/ml (p < 0.001), and those with a low serum albumin level (p < 0.05) had a significantly worse prognosis. Multivariate analysis showed that a performance status of 2 or 3 and a high NSE serum level were associated with a significantly worse prognosis. More attention should be paid to the serum NSE level in patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma, because it not only reflects the tumor volume, but is also a prognostic factor which is dependent on individual tumor characteristics.
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PMID:Serum neuron specific enolase level as a prognostic factor in non-small cell lung cancer. 794 29

Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) is one of the iso-forms of enolase, a glycolytic enzyme found in the neuroendocrine system. NSE is one of the most widely used tumor markers in small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC). To assess the value of NSE in discriminating between the sites of metastases in SCLC-patients with and without cerebral involvement, serial NSE determinations were performed. Serum NSE was elevated in 76% of the patients at initial diagnosis. The value did not discriminate between the extent of disease nor between the sites of extrathoracic disease. NSE levels declined significantly at restaging. A persistent, significant rise occurred in patients with relapse of their disease, regardless of the site of relapse. In patients with brain metastases with and without extracranial disease at relapse, the NSE increase was significantly smaller than in patients without intracranial involvement. These findings indicate that serial determination of serum NSE in SCLC-patients may be useful in monitoring tumor activity but not in predicting the site of metastatic disease.
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PMID:Neuron-specific enolase as a marker of brain metastasis in patients with small-cell lung carcinoma. 796 90

Human serum neuron-specific enolase (NSE) is a marker of neurons and of small-cell carcinoma of the lung; improved immunoassays of NSE remain an important goal. Here, we used overlapping complementary DNA (cDNA) clones for reconstruction to express full-length recombinant NSE, and also to express a set of cloned subfragments through the prokaryotic expression vectors pUEX and pUBEX. Subfragments expressed as fusion proteins were used to characterize immunogenic and antigenic regions and epitopes and, expressed as affinity matrices, to derive purified, fractionated polyclonal antibodies. NSE epitope data can be visualized with yeast enolase-1 crystal structure coordinates: The two protein sequences align almost perfectly and are 61% identical. This approach demonstrates the complementarity of cDNA expression with techniques of polyclonal antiserum and monoclonal antibody production and with chemical peptide synthesis in the refinement of immunodiagnostic reagents.
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PMID:Mapping of antigenic sites in human neuron-specific enolase by expression subcloning. 817 53

To evaluate the diagnostic usefulness of simultaneous determinations of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), neuron specific enolase (NSE), chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) and carbohydrate antigenic determinant 19-9 (CA 19-9), we studied 48 patients with small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) and 15 with nonmalignant lung disease. The combination of CEA-BAL, NSE-BAL, and NSE-serum taken together with results of bronchoscopy (histologic and cytologic) showed the highest discriminating power between malignant (SCLC) and nonmalignant lung disease. The sensitivity of bronchoscopy alone was 35%. However, when bronchoscopy results were combined with 3 positive markers, the sensitivity increased to 71%, with at least 2 positive markers to 94%, and with at least 1 positive marker to 100%. When both bronchoscopy and all 3 markers were negative, the results showed a negative predictive value of 100%.
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PMID:Usefulness of a multiple biomarker assay in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and serum for the diagnosis of small cell lung cancer. 827 60

Extrabronchial small cell carcinoma (ESCC) is an infrequent tumor with controversial histogenesis, clinical evolution and therapeutic strategy. The aim of this study was to know the immunohistochemical features and the clinical evolution of patients diagnosed of ESCC during a 10 year period. All the diagnoses of small cell carcinoma (bronchial and extrabronchial) carried out by the Unit of Pathology between 1980-1989 were reviewed. In all the ESCC an immunohistochemical study was performed with three neuroendocrine markers, chromogranin, neurospecific enolase and synaptophysin. The clinical evolution of the patients is described. The 6 patients with ESCC represented 4.7% of all the small cell carcinomas. The primary localization was: parotid, urinary bladder, the skin, maxillary sinus and esophagus (2 patients). In five cases positivity was observed for one or more of the neuroendocrine markers. In two cases the ESCC was associated with differentiated cell populations (squamous carcinoma). The diagnosis of ESCC logically obliges the bronchial origin and the presence of ectopic hormonal secretion syndromes to be discarded. The administration of chemotherapy regimes used in small cell lung carcinoma is advised.
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PMID:[Extrabronchial small-cell carcinoma: apropos 6 cases]. 820 33


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