Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0677930 (primary tumor)
 20,210 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A group of 52 patients with malignant uveal melanoma treated by primary enucleation in 1977-1979 was studied to determine the frequency of immunoreactivity for cytokeratins (CK) in primary and metastatic melanoma, the CK types present, and the prognostic significance of CK expression. By immunohistochemistry, monoclonal antibody (MAb) V9 to vimentin reacted with all 52 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded primary tumors and all 31 metastases from 11 patients. MAb CAM 5.2 to CK 8 and 18 reacted with 20 and MAb CY-90 to CK 18 with 25 primary melanomas, whereas MAb KS-B17.2 and MAb CK5 to CK 18 labeled 8 and 6 tumors, respectively. Antibodies to CK 13 and CK 19 each labeled single cells in one specimen, and other CK types were not detected. In 6 primary melanomas, only a few tumor cells were immunopositive for CK 8 and 18, but in 17 cases up to one quarter, and in 2 tumors more than one quarter, of them were labeled. The positive cells were spindle, epithelioid, or intermediate in shape, and tended to be more frequent in mixed than in spindle cell melanomas. MAbs CAM 5.2 and CY-90 did not react with any of the 16 liver metastases, but labeled 7 of 15 other metastases. Metastases were somewhat more common when the primary tumor was immunoreactive for CK 8 and 18, apparently because CKs were more frequent in mixed cell melanomas. Although CK expression is of diagnostic significance and can denote low levels of epithelioid differentiation, it is not an independent prognostic factor in malignant uveal melanoma.
 ...
PMID:An immunohistochemical and prognostic analysis of cytokeratin expression in malignant uveal melanoma. 137 96

Mutations in the p53 gene are detected in greater than 50% of squamous cell carcinomas of the lung and to a lesser extent in adenocarcinomas. The p53 protein is also overexpressed in a relatively high percentage of preinvasive lesions of the bronchial epithelium. However, unlike tumor tissue, immunoreactivity does not necessarily imply that cells in preinvasive lesions carry a mutant p53 allele. In some cases, overexpression may result from a cellular checkpoint reaction to a toxic or mutagenic substance such as exposure to tobacco smoke. In any case, p53 overexpression in preinvasive lesions may serve as a biomarker for high risk assessment of lung cancer and other tumors in the aerodigestive tract. A study was designed to retrospectively analyze p53 overexpression in cells from sputum samples collected prior to histological tumor diagnosis. The rationale was based on the observation that both preinvasive and tumor cells from the bronchial epithelium are exfoliated into the airways and can be detected based on morphology in sputa. Two sets of cases were chosen: 1) patients whose first primary tumor was a squamous cell carcinoma containing a mutant p53 allele with overexpression observed in most of the tumor cells; and 2) patients whose squamous cell tumor did not contain a mutant p53 allele. Cells which stained positive for p53 expression were observed in sputum samples collected from all six patients whose tumors were positive for a mutant p53 allele. Also p53 positive cells were detected on sputum slides for two of the five cases where the tumor DNA did not contain a mutation and/or tumor cells which overexpress p53 were not detected in tissue sections. Although cells which stained positive for p53 were present in sputum from patients whose tumors contained a missense mutation, the presence of p53 overexpression was not specific for tumors which contain an altered p53 allele since overexpression was detected in sputum cells from patients whose tumor DNA did not contain a p53 mutation and/or tumor cells which stained positive for p53 were not observed in tissue sections. However, the p53 positive cells in sputa collected from the latter group of patients could have been exfoliated from other lesions which contained a mutant p53 allele. The accumulation of p53 in some sputum cells was concomitant with expression of simple epithelial type cytokeratins (CK) 8 and 18 or at least one of the other cytokeratins detected by a broad spectrum (PAN) CK antibody mixture. These data imply that most of the sputum cells which overexpress p53 are epithelial cells. Moreover, our results are consistent, at least in part, with other observations that cells which overexpress p53 in dyplasias and hyperplasias express CK 8, 18. We will continue to explore the possibility that expression of cytokeratins 8, 18 and/or other cytokeratins in conjunction with p53 overexpression and/or morphological criteria could define a new class of atypical cells which are predisposed to cancer development.
 ...
PMID:Examination of p53 alterations and cytokeratin expression in sputa collected from patients prior to histological diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma. 902 17

A human tumor xenograft (L56Br-X1) was established from a breast cancer axillary lymph node metastasis of a 53-year-old woman with a BRCA1 germ-line nonsense mutation (1806C>T; Q563X), and a cell line (L56Br-C1) was subsequently derived from the xenograft. The xenograft carries only the mutant BRCA1 allele and expresses mutant BRCA1 mRNA but no BRCA1 protein as determined by immunoprecipitation or Western blotting. The primary tumor, lymph node metastasis, and xenograft were hypodiploid by DNA flow cytometry, whereas the cell line displayed an aneuploidy apparently developed via polyploidization. Cytogenetic analysis, spectral karyotyping, and comparative genomic hybridization of the cell line revealed a highly complex karyotype with numerous unbalanced translocations. The xenograft and cell line had retained a somatic TP53 missense mutation (S215I) originating from the primary tumors, as well as a lack of immunohistochemically detectable expression of steroid hormone receptors, epidermal growth factor receptor, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2), and keratin 8. Global gene expression analysis by cDNA microarrays supported a correlation between the expression profiles of the primary tumor, lymph node metastasis, xenograft, and cell line. We conclude that L56Br-X1 and L56Br-C1 are useful model systems for studies of the pathogenesis and new therapeutic modalities of BRCA1-induced human breast cancer.
 ...
PMID:Characterization of a novel breast carcinoma xenograft and cell line derived from a BRCA1 germ-line mutation carrier. 1264 39

Malignant melanoma is known to display tremendous histologic diversity. One rare variant is the rhabdoid phenotype, so called because of the appearance of cells resembling rhabdomyoblasts seen in malignant rhabdoid tumors of the kidney. We present the histologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural features of a malignant melanoma composed entirely of rhabdoid cells. A 62-year-old man presented with a 6.5-cm lung mass. Although presumed to be a metastatic lesion, extensive workup failed to reveal a primary tumor site. Histologic sections showed a mass composed entirely of polygonal neoplastic cells with prominent nucleoli and large hyaline cytoplasmic inclusions. The tumor cells were strongly immunoreactive with S100 protein, vimentin, and CD56, and were focally reactive with Mart-1. Tumor cells were negative for Melan-A, tyrosinase, HMB-45, AE1/AE3, cytokeratin (CK) 7, CK8/ 18, CK20, CK903, CAM 5.2, epithelial membrane antigen, smooth muscle actin, desmin, leukocyte common antigen, Bcl-2, CD3, CD20, CD30, CD138, kappa and lambda light chains, CD68, CD34, factor VIII, synaptophysin, and glial fibrillary acidic protein. Electron microscopy showed cytoplasmic whorls of intermediate filaments containing entrapped rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and lipid. Recognition of this rare variant of malignant melanoma is important in the evaluation of tumors with rhabdoid morphology.
 ...
PMID:Malignant melanoma with a rhabdoid phenotype: histologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural study of a case and review of the literature. 1516 28

Basal cell adenocarcinoma (BCAC) of the salivary glands is rare. Distant metastasis to the mandible from a salivary gland tumor is also considered rare. The cytogenetic finding of a case of metastatic BCAC of the mandible is described. We are unaware of earlier reports regarding cytogenetic findings of BCAC either at the primary site or at a distant metastasis site. An 80-year-old female with primary BCAC of the parotid salivary gland underwent parotidectomy and chemotherapy. One year later, a metastatic lesion in the mandible was found. Tissue specimens from the mandibular lesion were tested by the following pathologic methods: hematoxylin-eosin and immunohistochemistry for CK8/18, CK/903, vimentin, and smooth muscle actin. The characteristic histologic architecture of BCAC found in the mandible was similar to that of the earlier findings of the tumor in the parotid gland. A fresh sample from the mandibular lesion was examined by cytogenetics and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), using centromeric probes for chromosomes 4, 8, 10, 18, and 22. A paraffin-embedded sample of the primary tumor was also examined by FISH. Cytogenetic and FISH analyses of the mandibular metastatic lesion revealed a clone with a pericentric inversion of chromosome 17 and a clone with trisomy 4, respectively. Trisomy 4 was also found in the paraffin-embedded samples of the primary parotid tumor.
 ...
PMID:Cytogenetic and fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of a basal cell adenocarcinoma of the mandible. 1663 78

Lymph node micrometastases in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx found node-negative by conventional histology may be discovered by immunohistochemistry, particularly by using mono- and policlonal antibodies which are reactive with epithelial cells. Then tumors classified as pN0 by routine methods may be reclassified more correctly as pN1. Authors investigated the incidence of micrometastases in the neck dissection specimens originally staged as pN0 from 22 patients with laryngeal cancer treated surgically at ENT Department Medical University of Lodz between 1998-1999 according to: the survival, using immunostaining with panel of mono- and policlonal antibodies to cytokeratins CK1, CK4, CK5, CK6, CK8, CK10, CK13 and CK18. The relationship between micro-metastases and clinical features of primary tumor and lymph nodes has been discussed.
 ...
PMID:[Cytokeratin antigen expression in lymph nodes--prognostic significance of clinical features of the primary tumor and lymph nodes in the presence of micrometastases in laryngeal carcinoma]. 1747 62

We report the malignant characteristics of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and the corresponding molecular features of the primary tumor in a patient with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). A 70-year-old male patient was diagnosed with TNM stage T3N0M0 ESCC. Before surgery, seven intact CTCs and 12 CTCs with a fragmented membrane were detected in 7.5 mL of peripheral blood by immunofluorescence staining. One week after radical resection of the primary tumor, four CTCs were identified in 7.5ml peripheral blood. All CTCs were confirmed as having a malignant phenotype by chromosomal analysis and routine cell staining. Ninety percent of the CTCs were found to have polysomic chromosomes 8 and 20 by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Immunofluorescence analysis showed that all of the primary tumor cells detected were cytokeratin8/18/19 (CK8/18/19)-positive, but only 1% were CD133-positive. The serum CA19-9 and CEA level were normal in the process of diseases. The patient died 6 months after surgery as a result of lung metastases and other complications. The results of this study suggest that the dynamics and malignant characteristics of both CTCs and the corresponding primary tumor during the disease process may predict tumor burden and the risk of relapse and metastasis.
 ...
PMID:Malignant characteristics of circulating tumor cells and corresponding primary tumor in a patient with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma before and after surgery. 2130 56

The abundance of OATP4A1 in colorectal cancer (CRC) might be related to tumor progression. This was studied by immunohistochemistry on paraffin-embedded samples obtained from 178 patients (43 patients with a relapse within 5 y) with early-stage CRC. Positivity for OATP4A1 in tumor cells and noncancerous mucosal cells was proved by double-immunofluorescence staining with antibodies against OATP4A1 and keratin 8, whereas antibodies against appropriate CD markers were used to identify immune cells. Automated microscopic image analysis was used to measure the percentage of OATP4A1-positive cells and OATP4A1 staining intensity in tumor, immune, and adjacent normal-looking mucosal cells separately, as well as in the mucosal and immune cells of 14 nonmalignant tissue samples. In CRC the percentage of OATP4A1-positive cells, but not staining intensity, was significantly higher in tumor and mucosal cells adjacent to the tumor compared to the mucosa of nonmalignant samples (P<0.001 each). No difference was registered between immune cells in malignant and nonmalignant samples. Importantly, high levels of OATP4A1 in immune (odds ratio, 0.73; confidence interval, 0.63-0.85; P<0.001), and tumor cells (odds ratio, 0.79; confidence interval, 0.69-0.91; P<0.001) are significantly associated with a low risk of recurrence and also significantly enhance the discriminative power of other clinical parameters [such as International Union Against Cancer (UICC), adjuvant therapy, localization of the primary tumor] of the risk of relapse (receiver operating characteristics analysis; P=0.002). Using an advanced digital microscopic quantification procedure, we showed that OATP4A1 abundance is negatively associated with tumor recurrence in early-stage CRC. This digital scoring procedure may serve as a novel tool for the assessment of potential prognostic markers in early-stage CRC.
 ...
PMID:Abundance of the Organic Anion-transporting Polypeptide OATP4A1 in Early-Stage Colorectal Cancer Patients: Association With Disease Relapse. 2973 53