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Query: UMLS:C0677930 (primary tumor)
 20,210 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The differential expression of the ras oncogene product p21 in the primary tumor, regional nodes, and distant metastatic sites in patients with disseminated breast cancer was examined to define the biologic and clinical significance of the ras oncogene in the progression of breast cancer. The avidin-biotin peroxidase complex method was used on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from 16 patients with metastatic disease. The primary antibody used in this protocol was RAP-5, an anti-p21 murine monoclonal IgG2a. p21 antigen staining was similar in the primary tumor and regional nodes from the same patient (P less than 0.05), but the staining of distant metastases was more variable. Expression of ras p21 was consistently increased in invasive components of the primary tumor as compared with intraductal tumor. In addition, a high level of p21 expression was seen in tumor emboli in lymphatics and blood vessels as compared with contiguous tumor in parenchymal tissue. Although p21 staining is present in aggressive primary breast cancers and most metastatic sites, our findings indicate that markedly enhanced p21 expression is associated with the earlier stages (invasion and dissemination) of aggressive breast cancers.
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PMID:ras p21 expression in the progression of breast cancer. 331 56

Lectin binding was assessed in subcutaneous tissues of 9 primary tumors of liver and lung metastasizing variants of murine Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) and their metastases, using the avidin-biotin peroxidase technique. Dolichos bifloris agglutinin, concanavalin A, Ricinis communis agglutinin, and wheat germ agglutinin bound to equal numbers of primary and metastatic tumor cells, indicating that the carbohydrate moieties detected by them were not associated with metastatic potential. However, with peanut agglutinin (PNA), soybean agglutinin (SBA), and Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEA-I), the majority of primary tumor cells had the phenotype PNA-, SBA-, UEA-; metastatic tumor cells to the liver had the phenotype PNA+, SBA+, UEA-1-, and metastases to lung had the phenotype PNA+, SBA+, UEA-1+. Thus, LLC tumor cells that were PNA+ SBA+ had metastatic potential, but with no organ-specific preference. However, those that were UEA-I- or UEA-I+ preferentially metastasized to the liver and lung, respectively, implying that selective metastasis was associated with differences in the carbohydrate composition of metastatic tumor cells.
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PMID:Lectin binding by liver and lung metastasizing variants of the murine Lewis lung carcinoma. 339 99

An immunohistochemical study was carried out on a human breast carcinoma series with the aim to delineate the technical approach to distinguish the epithelial cells from stromal nonepithelial cells in the primary tumor and in cultured tumor cells. Frozen sections from 30 unfixed breast carcinomas were incubated with mouse monoclonal antiepithelial cell membrane antibodies and then with a biotinilizated antimouse antibody and the avidin biotin peroxidase complex (ABC). Thick (100 micron) sections from fresh, unfixed tissue were similarly treated prior to the araldite embedding procedure for EM study. In all cases the epithelial tumor cells were immunostained in contrast to nonepithelial stromal cells, particularly the fibroblasts. Because standard light microscopy fails to determine the real nature of the fusiforme cultured cells, it is suggested that these techniques represent a reliable method for mammary epithelial cell identification and may further be applied on cultured tissue.
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PMID:Immunocytochemical antigens detection in human breast carcinomas: a light and electron microscopy study using avidin biotin peroxidase and preembedding method. 390 3

Previously, we reported that high concentrations of eosinophils in human colonic carcinomas are associated with better prognoses, that sections taken 1 cm remote from (deep to) the margin of tumor (SRM) and sections contiguous to the margin (SCM) of tumor and adjacent uninvolved colon contain significantly different concentrations of eosinophils, and that concentrations of eosinophils in SCM and SRM are both useful and complementary for the prediction of prognosis. As a first step towards studying the ecology of the eosinophil in colonic carcinoma and with the goal of identifying other kinds of cells that might be useful for the prediction of prognosis, we counted cells in SCM and SRM that expressed histochemically demonstrable acid phosphatase, alpha-naphthylbutyrate esterase, and peroxidase. The tumors of patients with and without metastases at the time of resection of the primary tumor contained different (P = 0.0314) concentrations of cells with histochemically demonstrable alpha-naphthylbutyrate esterase in SCM but not in SRM. In contiguous 1- to 2-micron sections, morphologically macrophage-like cells with histochemically demonstrable acid phosphatase and cells with histochemically demonstrable alpha-naphthylbutyrate esterase were found to be present in different concentrations both in SCM (P less than 0.01) and in SRM (P less than 0.01); i.e., these phenotypic markers appear to identify different subpopulations of macrophages in tumors. In contrast to our previous study of human pulmonary alveolar macrophages, examination of sections stained sequentially for these phenotypic markers that are commonly used for the identification of macrophages in tumors revealed numerous cells in the same sections that expressed histochemically demonstrable acid phosphatase (red) but not alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase (brown) and vice versa. Several of these markers promise to be useful and complementary for the prediction of prognosis.
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PMID:Heterogeneity and prognostic significance of macrophages in human colonic carcinomas. 402 96

Primary hepatocellular carcinoma metastasizing to abdominal lymph nodes and to the left lung was observed in a 16-year-old male patient. No clinically apparent chronic liver disease preceded the carcinoma and no signs of cirrhosis were detectable in the nonneoplastic liver. Hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis B e antigen and antibody to hepatitis B core antigen were found to be positive in the serum. By immunohistochemistry (peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique) hepatitis B surface antigen could be demonstrated in the nontumorous liver parenchyma, but not in the primary hepatocellular carcinoma itself. Serum alpha-fetoprotein was only moderately elevated (75 ng/ml), but immunohistochemically primary hepatocellular carcinoma revealed a considerable number of alpha-fetoprotein-containing cells, whereas nontumorous parenchyma did not. Carcinoembryonic antigen could be demonstrated immunohistochemically in some tumor cells of a lymph node metastasis, but not in the primary tumor or in the nontumorous liver parenchyma. We propose that primary hepatocellular carcinoma developed in this case in a symptomless hepatitis B virus carrier without preceding cirrhosis, an we exclude a simultaneous acute hepatitis B.
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PMID:Primary hepatocellular carcinoma with hepatitis B virus infection in a 16-year-old noncirrhotic patient. 618 92

An antigen immunologically related to mouse mammary tumor virus (MuMTV) and the major envelope glycoprotein, gp52 of MuMTV, was identified in tissue sections of human male and female mammary carcinomas using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. The specificity of the reaction was established by absorption studies. Positive reactions with the gp52 antiserum were seen in mouse and human mammary carcinomas, but not in normal mammary tissues, mammary tissues with benign diseases and in other primary malignant neoplasms. Almost all (32/36, 89%) male mammary carcinomas were positive for the gp52 related antigen. A lesser proportion of tumors among female patients (14/50, 28%) were positive. The gp52 positive tumors were significantly larger than the gp52 negative tumors in female patients (P less than 0.05). Gp52 positive tumors were also larger than gp52 negative tumors in male patients, but the difference was not statistically significant. Gp52 reactivity was also detected in metastatic mammary carcinoma in axillary lymph nodes of male and female patients. The presence of gp52 related antigen was not apparently related to tumor grade or lymphocytic infiltrate in the primary tumor. The data do not permit a firm conclusion regarding nodal status in men; no correlation of gp52 activity and nodal status in women was evident. These results indicate that mammary carcinomas in men as well as in women have an antigen related immunologically to MuMTV gp52. Other than tumor size, the antigen seems to be unrelated to major prognostic factors. The significance of the antigen with respect to etiologic features and prognosis in breast cancer remains to be determined.
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PMID:Murine mammary tumor virus related antigen in human male mammary carcinoma. 629 11

The significance of altered expression of MN blood group antigens was examined by studies on the expressions of Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen (T antigen) and Tn antigen in primary and metastatic lesions of 29 human uterine cervical cancers. These antigens were measured by the avidin-biotin-peroxidase (ABC) method with peanut agglutinin (PNA) lectin for T antigen and Vicia villosa agglutinin (VVA) lectin for Tn antigen. Proportion of cancer cells expressing Tn antigen was higher in the metastatic lesions than in the primary tumors in 10 of the 29 cases, less in the metastasis than in the primary tumor in one case, and similar in the primary and metastatic lesions in the other 18 cases. Reaction for Tn antigen was positive in 24 (82.8%) of the 29 metastases, and in 17 (58.5%) of the 29 primary lesions. Thus, the rate of Tn antigen expression was significantly higher in the metastases than in the primary lesions (P < 0.05). On the other hand, there was no significant difference between the immunoreactivities of T antigen in metastases and primary tumors. These findings support our previous suggestion that expression of Tn antigen is closely related to the metastasis to regional lymph nodes and may reflect an important role of this carbohydrate in the process of metastasis of cervical cancer.
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PMID:High expression rate of Tn antigen in metastatic lesions of uterine cervical cancers. 817

The presence of human beta-chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) was immunohistochemically studied in 123 cases of primary colorectal carcinoma using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method. Positive staining for HCG was recognized in 45 (36.6%) tumors and a statistical difference was observed between the HCG-positive (n = 45) and -negative (n = 78) groups concerning the frequency of blood vessel invasion in the primary tumor (P < 0.01). The prognosis for patients with HCG-positive carcinoma was thus significantly worse than that for patients with HCG-negative carcinoma (P < 0.05). A multivariate analysis using the Cox hazards model demonstrated the positive or negative staining of HCG to be one of the independent prognostic factors. The above findings show that, in addition to various other prognostic factors, the HCG staining status may thus also help in determining the prognosis of patients with primary colorectal carcinoma.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical expression of beta-human chorionic gonadotropin in colorectal carcinoma. 901 56

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains one of the most important malignancies in Japan (1, 2). Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), which is a glycolyticenzyme, and exists in various types of human tissue and neoplasms, has also been reported to demonstrate a high level (especially LDH 5) in the serum of patients with HCC (3-10). We herein report the findings of a 68-year-old male patient with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), whose serum lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) level more closely correlated with the clinical course than the alpha-feto-protein level (AFP). Both the AFP and LDH levels were high before the operation (AFP 1402 ng/ml; LDH 638 IU/L) (LDH1 11%; LDH2 24%; LDH3 34%; LDH4 19%; LDH5 12%). The levels of the serum LDH and AFP one week after the right hepatic lobectomy both decreased to 423 IU/L and 331 ng/ml, respectively. In addition, the LDH isozyme pattern returned to normal. Six weeks after the operation, the serum LDH increased to 3504 IU/L, however, the AFP levels remained low at 43.4 ng/ml, and the CT findings demonstrated multiple recurrent nodules in the whole remnant liver. At eighty-one days after the operation, the patient died due to a rupture of the recurrent HCC. Immunohistochemical observations were performed using the peroxidase labeled streptavidin-biotin technique with slight modifications and using two monoclonal antibodies for AFP and for Ki-67. Most portions of the primary tumor consisted of poorly to undifferentiated HCC. The portion of undifferentiated HCC did not stain for AFP antibody, but the portion of poorly differentiated HCC stained positively for it. It was thus speculated that LDH was mainly produced in the portion of undifferentiated HCC. In addition the undifferentiated HCC were strongly positive for Ki-67, while, in contrast, the poorly HCC was only weakly positive for Ki-67. Based on the above findings, HCC with a high serum level of LDH appears to show both a rapid growth and highly malignant tumors.
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PMID:The characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma with a high level of serum lactic dehydrogenase: a case report. 922 98

Interactions between the CXCR4 chemokine receptor in breast cancer cells and the ligand CXCL12/SDF-1alpha are thought to play an important role in breast cancer metastases. In this pilot study, CXCR4 expression along with other biomarkers including HER2-neu and EGFR, were measured in primary tumor samples of patients with operable breast cancer to test whether any of these biomarkers alone and in combination could indicate breast cancer with high likelihood of metastasizing to bone marrow. Cytokeratin (CK) positive cells in bone marrow were identified by flow-cytometry following enrichment with CK 7/8 antibody-coupled magnetic beads. Primary tumors (n = 18) were stained with specific antibodies for CXCR4, HER2-neu, EGFR, and PCNA using an indirect avidin-biotin horseradish peroxidase method. The majority of the patients had T2/T3 tumors (72%), or lymph node involvement (67%) as pathologic characteristics that were more indicative of high-risk breast cancer. High CXCR4 cytoplasmic expression was found in 7 of 18 patients (39%), whereas 6 of 18 patients (33%) were found to have CK positivity in bone marrow. The median number of CK(+) cells was 236 (range, 20-847) per 5 x 10(4) enriched BM cells. The presence of CK(+) cells in bone marrow was found to be associated with increased expression of CXCR4 alone or in addition to EGFR and/or HER2-neu expression (P = 0.013, P = 0.005, and P = 0.025, respectively) in primary tumors. Furthermore, three patients with high CK positivity (>236 CK(+) per 5 x 10(4) enriched bone marrow cells) in bone marrow exclusively expressed high levels of CXCR4 with EGFR/HER2-neu (P = 0.001). Our data suggest that high CXCR4 expression in breast cancer may be a potential marker in predicting isolated tumor cells in bone marrow. CXCR4 coexpression with EGFR/HER2-neu might further predict a particular subset of patients with high CK positivity in bone marrow.
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PMID:Chemokine receptor CXCR4 expression in breast cancer as a potential predictive marker of isolated tumor cells in bone marrow. 1613 77


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