Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0677930 (primary tumor)
 20,210 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Topical application of purified (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a polyphenolic antioxidant isolated from green tea, inhibited photocarcinogenesis in BALB/cAnNHsd mice with no visible toxicity. Mice were treated with 0, 10, or 50 mg of EGCG in 200 microliters of acetone three times weekly for three weeks before ultraviolet (UV) treatments began and throughout the experiment. UV radiation consisted of five 30-minute exposures per week to banks of six FS40 Westinghouse sunlamps for 25 weeks. In the photocarcinogenesis study, mice received a total dose of approximately 2.1 x 10(6) J/m2. Skin cancer incidence in UV-irradiated mice was 96% at 28 weeks after the first UV treatment; EGCG at 10 or 50 mg reduced this incidence to 62% and 29%, respectively. UV-induced immunosuppression, assessed by the inability of UVB-irradiated mice to reject a syngeneic antigenic tumor, was not influenced by topical EGCG. Oral administration of 0, 100, or 500 mg of pure EGCG per liter of drinking water (approximately 0, 0.56, or 2.8 mg/day, respectively) did not decrease UV-induced skin tumor incidence, rate of primary tumor growth, or inability to reject antigenic tumors. Thus induction of skin tumors by UV radiation was significantly reduced by topical, but not by oral, administration of purified EGCG through a mechanism distinct from inhibition of photoimmunosuppression.
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PMID:Prevention of photocarcinogenesis by topical administration of pure epigallocatechin gallate isolated from green tea. 891 Sep 14

Inhibitory effects on some immunological responses and MethA fibrosarcoma in the double grafted tumor system in mice were compared between 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) and its novel water-soluble derivative, gamma-(9H-purine-6-yl)thiomethyl L-glutamate (6-MPG). The dose-dependent inhibitory effects by 6-MPG on the hemagglutinin response to SRBC, DTH reaction to MBSA, contact sensitivity to oxazolone, GVH response and growth of the primary tumor were 3-10 times weaker than those by 6-MP, probably reflecting the difference in their cytotoxicities antimetabolites. However, the two drugs were nearly equipotent in reproducing inhibition of the secondary tumor growth, which is a host-mediated immunological response to tumor antigen as shown by its dependency on the primary inoculation with 1 x 10(4) or more MethA cells and by the production of anti-tumor splenocytes in tumor-bearing animals (the Winn assay). Thus, 6-MPG may point to the direction of derivatization towards anti-tumor immunopotentiators with an improved therapeutic index.
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PMID:Augmentation of tumor immunity by 6-MPG, a water-soluble derivative of 6-mercaptopurine, in mice. 893 10

We investigated possible mechanisms of the antitumor action of gamma-(9H-purine-6-yl) thiomethyl L-glutamate (6-MPG), a water-soluble derivative of 6-MP. In the double grafted tumor system, BALB/c mice were inoculated intradermally with 10(6) cells of MethA fibrosarcoma at the right inguinal region on day 0 (the primary tumor) and later with 3 x 10(6) cells at the left on day 10 (the secondary tumor). Intraperitoneal administration of 6-MPG at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day from day 3 through 7 completely prevented growth of the secondary tumor. 6-MPG showed no effect on growth of colon 26 adenocarcinoma cells inoculated in place of the secondary MethA cells (antigen specificity). 6-MPG did not inhibit the secondary MethA growth in the BALB/c (nu/nu) mouse. The inhibitory effect of 6-MPG on the secondary tumor growth was diminished by prior treatment of the primed animals with cyclosporin A and anti-Thy antibody. Spleen cells from the tumor-bearing mice treated with 6-MPG showed a tumor-neutralizing activity (Winn assay). Treatment of the spleen cells with anti-CD8 antibody plus complement diminished the tumor-neutralizing effect but that with anti-CD4 antibody plus complement did not, indicating that CD8-positive cells are responsible for potentiation of the tumor immunity. These results suggest that the antitumor effect of 6-MPG against the secondary tumor is elicited by augmenting tumor specific T-cell production.
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PMID:Study on the mechanism of immunopotentiating antitumor effect of 6-MPG, a water-soluble derivative of 6-mercaptopurine. 928 48

Fibrin forms part of the stroma essential for growth of solid tumors. Anticoagulants reduce primary tumor growth and tumor metastasis in murine and some human tumors. These effects may be partly mediated by reduction of intra-tumor fibrin, although there are no quantitative data to support this hypothesis. We therefore evaluated the effect of warfarin on fibrin deposition in a subcutaneously (s.c.) implanted murine tumor using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). AJ mice received no treatment (n = 6) or sodium warfarin (3.5 mg/L in drinking water, n = 5). All animals received 2 x 10(6) syngeneic Neuro2a neuroblastoma cells s.c. After 14 days, primary tumors were excised and placed in liquid nitrogen. Warfarin treatment resulted in a small, but significant (P < 0.05), decrease in wet tumor weight. Frozen sections (20 microns) were incubated with goat anti-mouse fibrin(ogen) or normal goat serum (isotypic control) and stained with FITC-conjugated rabbit anti-goat antibody. Using a Multiprobe 2001 CLSM (Molecular Dynamics, Sunnyvale, CA), 20 serial optical sections were taken from five, randomly chosen, high power fields (60x objective) for each slide. A threshold excluded all fluorescence except that from structural components within the tumor stroma (fibrin). The volume of fibrin in each section series was determined, and the percentage of tumor volume occupied by fibrin calculated. Intra- and inter-assay variation were assessed on serial frozen tumor sections from an untreated animal. The percentage fibrin volume was not significantly different among or within experiments, indicating that the procedure was reproducible. In controls, the median (range) volume occupied by fibrin was 8.1% (2.4-22.3%), whereas in anticoagulated animals, this was reduced to 3.7% (0.4-14.0%; P < 0.001). This is the first quantitative demonstration that warfarin reduces fibrin deposition in solid tumors. We conclude that three-dimensional CLSM is useful for the quantitation of tissue antigens and that the technique may have clinical value.
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PMID:Three-dimensional visualization and quantitation of fibrin in solid tumors by confocal laser scanning microscopy. 933 18

Since 1990, 230 operations for focal pathologies in the liver have been carried out at the Center's clinics using such advanced procedures and equipment as radio-isotope examination of hepatic function, ultrasonography of the liver during surgery, ultrasound aspirator, water-flow scalpel, argon coagulator and adhesive dressing materials. The study included 75 resections for primary hepatic tumor (lethality-14.6%), 114 resections-disseminated tumor (lethality-5.2%) and 41 resections for benign tumors and non-tumor pathologies (no lethality). Preoperative chemotherapy was found to significantly increase the risk of postoperative complications in cases of liver resection. Five-year survival in such patients with primary tumor was 33.3%. The seven most significant prognostic factors in primary hepatic carcinoma were: portal invasion by tumor cells, number of tumor nodes in the liver, alpha-fetoprotein concentration, tumor node size, concomitant cirrhosis, age and extent of surgery. In patients with hepatic resection for solitary metastasis of the large bowel, 5-year survival was 28.6%. A regimen of adjuvant chemotherapy for solitary metastasis of colorectal cancer into liver is suggested. The data on 37 surgical patients with hepatic metastasis of non-colorectal cancer are presented. It was demonstrated that the liver should be resected in cases of solitary metastasis of renal carcinoma, adrenal gland, ovary, tests, breast, gallbladder and carcinoid.
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PMID:[Current approaches to surgical treatment of liver tumors]. 988 20

Results are reported on in vivo volume localized proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) of patients (n = 44) suffering from carcinoma of the breast, using a bilateral breast surface coil. Localized proton MR spectra of the unaffected contralateral breast of these patients are dominated by resonances arising from fat and are similar to the breast tissue from normal volunteers (controls, n = 13), while in the malignant breast tissues the water resonance dominates. On the other hand, the water suppressed proton MR spectra of malignant breast tissue reveal several metabolites of low concentration including the choline peak around 3.2 ppm and other resonances attributable to purine and pyrimidine nucleotides, in the 8.5 ppm region. Elevated water- fat (W-F) ratios are measured in the malignant tissues, compared with the normal breast tissue of controls and from the contralateral unaffected breast tissue of the patients (n = 11). In the case of patients receiving chemotherapy resulting in the reduction of primary tumor size, the W-F ratio shows a statistically significant (P < 0.01) decrease compared with the pre-therapy value, thus providing a non-invasive indicator of favourable clinical outcome of neoadjuvant chemotherapy for locally advanced breast cancer. The method provides the potential for non-invasively monitoring and assessing the response of breast cancer to neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
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PMID:Volume localized in vivo proton MR spectroscopy of breast carcinoma: variation of water-fat ratio in patients receiving chemotherapy. 1022 84

Development of effective chemopreventive agents against prostate cancer (CaP) for humans requires conclusive evidence of their efficacy in animal models that closely emulates human disease. The autochthonous transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) model, which spontaneously develops metastatic CaP, is one such model that mimics progressive forms of human disease. Employing male TRAMP mice, we show that oral infusion of a polyphenolic fraction isolated from green tea (GTP) at a human achievable dose (equivalent to six cups of green tea per day) significantly inhibits CaP development and increases survival in these mice. In two separate experiments, the cumulative incidence of palpable tumors at 32 weeks of age in 20 untreated mice was 100% (20 of 20). In these mice, 95% (19 of 20), 65% (13 of 20), 40% (8 of 20), and 25% (5 of 20) of the animals exhibited distant site metastases to lymph nodes, lungs, liver, and bone, respectively. However, 0.1% GTP (wt/vol) provided as the sole source of drinking fluid to TRAMP mice from 8 to 32 weeks of age resulted in (i) significant delay in primary tumor incidence and tumor burden as assessed sequentially by MRI, (ii) significant decrease in prostate (64%) and genitourinary (GU) (72%) weight, (iii) significant inhibition in serum insulin-like growth factor-I and restoration of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 levels, and (iv) marked reduction in the protein expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in the prostate compared with water-fed TRAMP mice. The striking observation of this study was that GTP infusion resulted in almost complete inhibition of distant site metastases. Furthermore, GTP consumption caused significant apoptosis of CaP cells, which possibly resulted in reduced dissemination of cancer cells, thereby causing inhibition of prostate cancer development, progression, and metastasis of CaP to distant organ sites.
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PMID:Inhibition of prostate carcinogenesis in TRAMP mice by oral infusion of green tea polyphenols. 1150 10

We studied the effect of macrophage stimulator water-soluble beta-(1-->3)-D-carboxymethylglucan on the efficiency of cyclophosphamide chemotherapy in Lewis lung carcinoma. Cyclophosphamide inhibited the growth of primary tumor nodes by 57%. The preparation possessed pronounced antimetastatic activity: metastases were found in 40.9% animals. Combination therapy with cyclophosphamide and (1-->3)-beta;-D-glucan inhibited the growth of intramuscular tumors by 75-89% and reduced the incidence of metastases into the lungs by 92-94%. The therapeutic effect was most pronounced after simultaneous administration of these preparations: tumor growth was suppressed by 89.3% and metastases were found in only 7.5% animals (vs. 100% in the control). The potentiating effect of beta-(1-->3)-D-carboxymethylglucan is related to accumulation of cysteine proteinase inhibitors in the tumor tissue and plasma, but not to changes in blood cell composition.
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PMID:Macrophage Stimulator beta-(1-->3)-D-carboxymethylglucan improves the efficiency of chemotherapy of Lewis lung carcinoma. 1171 68

The antitumor effects of biological response modifiers (BRMs) in an experimental mouse model using a double grafted tumor system were analyzed. Some BRMs prevented metastases by utilizing the anti-tumor immunological cascade reactions, which activate macrophages in the body. The following BRMs were analyzed: PSK was a hot water extract of cultured mycelia from Coliolus versicolor and a protein bound beta-glucan. Lentinan was purified from fruit bodies of Lentinus erodes and is a beta-glucan. The agaricus preparation was extracted from fruit bodies of Agaricus blazei and a protein-bound alpha-, beta-glucan. The M2 fraction was extracted from mycelia of Tricholoma matsutake and was a protein bound alpha-glucan. M1 fraction was purified from mycelia of T. matsutake and was an alpha-glucan. PSK cured both primary and metastatic tumors in the double grafted tumor system. Lentinan did not inhibit the growth of either primary or metastatic tumors. Agaricus preparation cured a primary tumor and inhibited the growth of a metastatic tumor. The M2 fraction prepared from Matsutake inhibited the growth of both primary and metastatic tumors. The M1 fraction did not inhibit either primary or metastatic tumors. Immunosuppressive acidic protein (IAP) is produced by activated macrophages. The PSK, Agaricus preparation and M2 fraction of the Matsutake preparation induced IAP but the lentinan and M1 fraction did not.
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PMID:[Activation of antitumor immunity by intratumor injection of biological preparations]. 1461 62

With a monoisocentric 3-field technique for treating head-and-neck cancer, collimator rotation may be needed for the upper lateral fields to avoid cephalad-positioned shoulders or to avoid unnecessary arytenoid irradiation while maintaining more anterior coverage. For patients with unilateral lymphadenopathy, lateral oblique-opposed boost fields can be used to encompass the primary tumor and ipsilateral lymph nodes without junctioning through gross disease. When initial collimated lateral fields are also rotated with a gantry angle to produce oblique boost fields, however, the resulting matchline with a low anterior neck (LAN) boost field is no longer nondivergent. This can be corrected by manual adjustment of collimator and gantry angles for the LAN field using 3D treatment planning software. The goal of this study was to derive mathematical formulas to simplify this process. We used a transformation matrix to define formulas that could predict the appropriate modifications to the LAN boost field. Output from the formulas was (1) visually tested within 3D treatment planning software and (2) verified using a solid water head-and-neck phantom and radiographic film dosimetry to confirm that a nondivergent matchline was obtained in several clinical scenarios. When evaluated with 3D treatment planning software, the formulas accurately predicted the appropriate gantry and collimator angles of the LAN boost field for a variety of possible beam combinations. When evaluated with film dosimetry, the formulas were shown to accurately predict the appropriate gantry and collimator angles of the LAN boost field to within the +/- 2 mm/1 degrees tolerance specifications of the linear accelerator and acceptable for routine clinical use. The presented formulas are simple and geometrically precise. They predict the necessary manipulations of the LAN boost field to maintain a geometrically precise matchline, as verified by 3D treatment planning software, phantom dosimetry, and actual patient setups.
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PMID:New equations for matching a low neck field to oblique upper neck fields with collimator rotation in a 3-field monoisocentric setup for head-and-neck cancers. 1519 53


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