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Query: UMLS:C0677930 (primary tumor)
 20,210 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In this study, surgically excised mammary tumors from 98 bitches were graded histologically, and the grade was compared with the mean nucleolar organizer region (NOR) count in silver-stained paraffin-embedded sections. Histologically benign tumors, papillary adenocarcinomas, and intraductal carcinomas showed relatively little variation; the mean count for each category was between three and four NOR per nucleus. There was, however, a significant increase in the NOR counts in tubular and solid carcinomas. This increase was most pronounced for tumors that showed evidence of infiltration into the surrounding connective tissues. The mean NOR count for noninfiltrative carcinomas was 5.1, and that for invasive carcinomas was 7.3 (P less than 0.03). The mean NOR count for individual carcinomas ranged from 2.0 to 12.3, and a significant correlation was found between an increased NOR count and tumor-related death during the first post-surgical year. The 39 bitches in which the tumor had an NOR count less than 8.0 had a generally favorable prognosis; only six (15%) died as a result of the original neoplasm. In contrast, 18/21 dogs (85%) with a carcinoma having an NOR count greater than 8.0 died from the tumor during the first post-surgical year. A similar, although less pronounced result was obtained specifically for invasive carcinomas, in which 3/12 (25%) tumors with an NOR count less than 6.0 resulted in the death of the host, compared with 17/20 (85%) that had an NOR count greater than 6. By using this technique, it is possible to identify a subgroup of bitches with invasive mammary carcinomas that have a very poor prognosis following apparently adequate surgical ablation of the primary tumor.
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PMID:Correlation between histologic diagnosis mean nucleolar organizer region count and prognosis in canine mammary tumors. 141 4

In this study we wanted to find out if the size or position of the constitutive C-band positive heterochromatin regions of chromosomes was associated with variation in prostatic cancer predisposition. We found no such association when comparing the whole patient group with healthy controls, but younger (less than 70 years) cancer patients had significantly higher frequencies of large C-bands on chromosomes 1 and 16 than older patients (greater than 70 years). This could indicate a possible relationship between the amount of constitutive heterochromatin on chromosomes 1 and 16 and susceptibility to early development of prostatic cancer. The purpose of this study was to examine if the number of AgNORs was higher in malignant than normal or hyperplastic prostatic tissue, and if the number of AgNORs increased with increasing grade of malignancy. More AgNOR dots were found in the prostatic adenocarcinomas (average 24/cell) than in the normal and hyperplastic prostates (average 13/cell). The poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas had more AgNORs than the moderately and well differentiated cancers. The data indicate that analysis of silver staining-positive material in intact interphase cells may help distinguish between benign and malignant prostatic tumors, and between highly malignant and low malignant carcinomas. The purpose was to find consistent and specific chromosome abnormalities in primary prostatic adenocarcinomas. Because then existing techniques for culturing human neoplastic prostatic tissue rarely yielded sufficiant epithelial cell growth and mitosis we decided to modify these techniques. Tumor samples from 82 patients were processed for short-term culture. Cytogenetic analysis was successful in 57 tumors, 42 of which were cultured after September 1, 1988, when the modifications were implemented. Thirteen of the 15 primary tumor samples that contained clonal karyotypic abnormalities were processed after September 1, 1988. Loss of chromosomal material from 7q, 8p, and 10q, and structural aberrations of bands 7q22 and 10q24 were the most common aberrations found. From these data it may be inferred that both loss of tumor suppressor genes and activation of oncogenes located in the breakpoint regions may be important pathogenetic events in the development or progression of prostatic adenocarcinoma. In this study we wanted to examine the clinical implications of karyotypic abnormalities. We found a significant difference in survival after diagnosis and surgery between patients whose tumors had clonal structural abnormalities (A), patients whose tumors had nonclonal changes (NA), and patients whose tumors had normal karyotypes only (N).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Cytogenetic studies of prostatic cancer. 187 51

The human calcitonin gene generates 2 distinct mature mRNAs by alternative RNA processing, encoding calcitonin (CT) in thyroid C-cells or a neuropeptide (CGRP) in the brain. We evaluated quantitatively by in situ hybridization the expression of the CT gene in tissue section of 5 MTCs (2 sporadic and 3 familial forms). The primary tumor of one MTC was compared to a brain metastasis. In situ hybridization was carried out with tritiated cDNA probes coding for CT and CGRP mRNA. After autoradiography the number of silver grains was counted in 400 cells by computerized analysis of digitized images and expressed as the labelling level (L.L. = grain area/cell area per day of autoradiographic exposure). This was used to calculate the relative abundance per cell of the specific messengers studied, which depends on the autoradiographic efficiency and the specific activity of the probe used. The CT mRNA content was 3.25-6.55 10(-10) micrograms equivalents in the 3 familial forms of MTC and 4.95-9.25 10(-10) micrograms equivalents for the 2 sporadic forms. The levels of CT mRNA in the brain metastasis and in the primary tumor were identical (4.10 10(-10) micrograms equivalents). CGRP mRNA expression was weaker in the sporadic and in the familial thyroid tumors (0.60-1.65 10(-10) micrograms equivalents). The content of mRNA CGRP in the brain metastasis (0.60 10(-10) micrograms equivalents) was lower than that in the primary tumor (1.05 10(-10) micrograms equivalents).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Quantification of intracellular calcitonin gene transcripts in human medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) by in situ hybridization. 222 29

An argyrophil stain for nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) has recently been applied to paraffin sections of human tissues. This report describes a positive relationship between the mean numbers of AgNOR sites per nucleus and tumor growth fraction, as determined by immunostaining with the monoclonal antibody Ki-67, in 83 malignant breast tumors (P less than .01). This relationship supports recent suggestions that the NOR count may reflect cell synthetic activity and hence, proliferation. AgNOR counts correlated inversely with immunocytochemically assessed estrogen receptor content (P less than .002), but there was no relationship between the AgNOR count and primary tumor size, histologic grade, axillary node status, or patient age. A significant difference (P less than .00001) was found between the AgNOR counts in 64 benign breast lesions (mean, 2.05) and 85 malignant breast neoplasms (mean, 5.46). The limitations of the silver staining technique and the problems of reproducibility in AgNOR counting are detailed.
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PMID:Nucleolar organizer regions relate to growth fractions in human breast carcinoma. 247 25

Local recurrence of tumor is a common phenomenon in soft tissue sarcoma (STS) and may be accompanied by an increase in malignant potential. In the present study, an increase of proliferative activity in recurrent tumors compared to primary tumors was observed using a silver stain for nucleolar organizer regions (AgNOR), and its implication for predicting prognosis is assessed. 44 patients with STS showing local tumor recurrence were selected. Local recurrence was defined as new tumor growth more than 2 months after the initial surgery in the same region where the primary tumor occurred. All patients received surgery, followed in 11 patients by adjuvant radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. The histologic subtype was malignant fibrous histiocytoma in 22 cases, synovial sarcoma in 5, leiomyosarcoma in 4, liposarcoma in 3, malignant schwannoma in 3, and others in 7. The interval between initial surgery and local recurrence ranged from 2 to 72 months. No patients changed from one histological subtype to another. Histological changes included an increase in mitosis, cellularity, and sclerosis in 43.2, 31.8, and 27.3%, respectively. The AgNOR count (mean +/- SD) in recurrent tumors (7.22 +/- 2.59) was significantly higher than that in primary tumors (5.58 +/- 2.28; p < 0.0057), clearly showing a tendency for an increase in proliferative activity during recurrence. The 5-year survival rate of patients with a marked increase (> 4) in AgNOR count (16.7%) was worse than with minor to moderate increases (60.0%; p < 0.02). Marked AgNOR increase was more frequently observed in the tumors located in the head and neck and retroperitoneum (40%) than in other sites (9%). Irrespective of the primary site of tumors, a marked AgNOR increase resulted in an unfavorable prognosis. Multivariate analysis of change in histologic factors including AgNOR, cellularity, mitotic counts, pleomorphism, myxoid change, necrosis, sclerosis, and tumor size showed that increase of AgNOR counts was significant (p < 0.05). The present findings suggest that AgNOR counts can be used as a prognostic factor in recurrent STS.
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PMID:Usefulness of argyrophilic nucleolar organizer staining for predicting prognosis of patients with recurrent soft tissue sarcoma. 819 7

The rates of proliferation, determined on the basis of antigen Ki-67 detection, and activity of nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) were compared in 10 benign lesions and 48 breast cancers (mostly invasive ductal carcinomas). Antigen Ki-67 was detected by the indirect immunoperoxidase method using polyclonal rabbit antibodies. Proteins of AgNORs were silver-stained after W.M. Howell and D.A. Black (modified by N.N.Mamayev). The fraction of Ki-67-positive cells--very close to proliferative pool--was 4.75 (1.60-11.76)% in benign tumors and 24.89 (8.64-65.16)%--in breast cancer, respectively. There was a significant correlation between Ki-67 expression and degree of histologically malignancy of breast tumors. There was a high correlation between Ki-67 expression in primary tumors and their metastases to regional lymph nodes; however, in metastases, the number of Ki-67-positive cells was significantly lower than in primary tumor. Also, the study established a distinct relationship between such indices of AgNOR activity as numbers of intra- and extranucleolar granules of silver and their total number in nucleus, on the one hand, and index of cell proliferation, on the other. The former represented specific clinicoanatomical features of tumor.
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PMID:[Comparative study of the proliferation (by detection of Ki-67 antigen) and activity of nucleolar organizer regions in breast cancer cells]. 969 79

Radioactive tumor targeting agents are highly interesting and for treatment of neuroendocrine tumors expressing somatostatin receptors, radiolabeled somatostatin analogues (including [(111)In-DTPA-D-Phe1]-octreotide) has been tried in a small number of patients with encouraging results. To increase our knowledge about the in vivo processing of administered [(111)In-DTPA-D-Phe1]-octreotide we have examined tumor and normal tissue material from a patient with a midgut carcinoid tumor. By ultrastructural autoradiography, silver grains indicating the presence of [(111)In-DTPA-D-Phe1]-octreotide could be identified within tumor cells, both in the primary tumor and in the mesenteric metastases. Silver grains were also found in leukocytes and in blood vessels. However, normal enterocytes did not show any specific radioligand uptake. This study indicates that the binding and endocytosis of [(111)In-DTPA-D-Phe1]-octreotide is a specific process that takes place in cells expressing somatostatin receptors. However, the importance of the number of somatostatin receptors and subtypes expressed will have to be further studied.
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PMID:In vivo cellular distribution and endocytosis of the somatostatin receptor-ligand complex. 1038 Aug 32

This study was performed to examine the correlation between mutations of the p53 tumor suppressor gene, the occurrence of apoptosis, and proliferation in cholangiocellular carcinoma of the liver. The results obtained were compared with pathohistological stage (according to UICC) and grade and with disease related survival rate. In 41 curatively (R0-) resected intrahepatic cholangiocellular carcinomas, the status of the p53 gene was determined by direct sequencing of exons 4-9 and immunohistochemically. Apoptosis was assessed using the in situ end labeling (ISEL) technique in combination with morphological criteria. Proliferation was analyzed by immunohistochemistry of MIB-1 (Ki-67), Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and silver-stained nucleolar organizer regions (AgNOR). The results obtained were compared with pathohistological stage (according to UICC), grade, several other histopathological factors, and survival rate. Mutations of p53 were detected in 15/41 carcinomas examined (37%). The most common change was a G-->C and C-->T transition, changing the hot spot amino acid determined by exons 4-8. Of these 15 tumors, 14 were also p53-positive by immunohistochemistry. In each carcinoma examined, we could demonstrate MIB-1, PCNA, and AgNOR dots and also apoptotic cells in variable proportions. The proliferation markers showed a significant correlation among themselves. In univariate survival analysis, the extent of the primary tumor, lymph node status, grade, and p53 were significant factors influencing patient survival. Performing multivariate Cox regression survival analysis, however, only the extent of primary tumor and lymph node status had an independent prognostic impact. Apoptosis was not related to patient prognosis or to other parameters examined. In conclusion, these results indicated that p53 could serve as an additional prognostic parameter that could provide auxiliary information for patient outcome. However, tumor stage and lymph node involvement were the strongest prognostic factors. We failed to establish apoptosis or other pathological parameters as factors predicting the prognosis of patients with cholangiocellular carcinoma.
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PMID:Mutations of p53 tumor suppressor gene, apoptosis, and proliferation in intrahepatic cholangiocellular carcinoma of the liver. 1071 45

Whereas papillary renal cell carcinoma is now established as a subtype of renal cell neoplasia, division of these tumors into 2 distinctive morphotypes has been proposed. Type 1 tumors have cells with scanty pale cytoplasm arranged in a single layer on the basement membrane of papillary cores. In these tumors, psammoma bodies and foamy macrophages are frequently seen, and the tumors frequently express cytokeratin 7. Type 2 tumor cells have pseudostratified nuclei and usually have voluminous eosinophilic cytoplasm. Recent studies have supported this subclassification of papillary renal cell carcinoma by demonstrating differing genotypes for type 1 and 2 tumors. To further study the subclassification of papillary renal carcinoma, we compared clinical features, nuclear grade, stage, tumor growth kinetics, and survival in a series of 50 type 1 and 16 type 2 papillary renal cell carcinomas. Comparison of patient age at presentation, sex, and primary tumor size shows no significant difference between the 2 tumor types. Type 1 tumors were of significantly lower Fuhrman grade (P =.0001) and higher Robson stage (P =.009) than type 2 tumors. There was no significant difference when tumors were staged according to the TNM classification. Assessment of tumor growth kinetics showed significantly different mean silver-staining nucleolar organizer region (AgNOR) scores and Ki-67 indices (AgNOR type 1, 3.83, type 2, 7.24, P =.0001; Ki-67 type 1, 3.17%, type 2, 6.01%, P =.0002). Multivariate analysis showed tumor type (P =.03), presence of metastases (P =.04), AgNOR score (P =.001), and Ki-67 index (P =.03) to be independently associated with survival. These results provide evidence of the clinical utility of dividing papillary renal cell carcinomas into 2 types according to histologic characteristics.
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PMID:Morphologic typing of papillary renal cell carcinoma: comparison of growth kinetics and patient survival in 66 cases. 1143 13

Carcinoid tumors are slow growing malignancies which occur most frequently in the gastrointestinal tract (about 74%). They can also be found in the bronchus, ovary, lung, thymus, kidney or thyroid gland. Carcinoid tumors are usually identified histologically by their affinity to silver salts, or more specifically by immunocytochemistry using antibodies against their specific cellular products. Survival rates depend on the location of primary tumor, extent of locoregional and metastatic disease, functional status of the tumor and the feasibility of complete surgical extirpation. Clinical manifestations are often vague or absent. Nevertheless, tumours secrete bioactive mediators which may in approximately of 10% of patients engender various elements of characteristics of carcinoid syndrome. Patients with advanced carcinoid disease should be treated with aggressive medical and surgical therapies. (Ref. 103.)
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PMID:Carcinoid tumor. 1190 6


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