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Drug
Enzyme
Compound
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Gene/Protein
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Target Concepts:
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Query: UMLS:C0677930 (
primary tumor
)
20,210
document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)
Molybdate
-stabilized androgen receptors have been quantitated in cytosols derived from 1026 malignant breast tumors including all new cases of primary breast cancer reported in the western region of Norway during the 3-year period 1985-1987. A simple single point saturation assay using the synthetic labeled ligand methyltrienolone was evaluated for this purpose. This approach also allowed the simultaneous determination of estrogen and progesterone receptor from the same cytosol preparation. The cytosol content of albumin was also recorded in order to control for dilution by extracellular proteins. Androgen receptor was the sex hormone receptor most frequently found both in primary and secondary breast cancer. In primary tumors 84.9% (723 of 852) showed a cytosol concentration higher than 10 fmol/mg protein compared to 71.2 and 67.1% for estrogen and progesterone receptors, respectively. This incidence is about 2 times higher than previously reported for androgen receptors in the literature and may be due to the stabilizing effects of molybdate and a serine protease inhibitor on the recovery of active binding sites in cytosol. Cytosol concentration of androgen receptor is generally lower than that of the other sex hormone receptors; the average level was 65.5 fmol/mg cytosol protein compared to 86.8 and 84.7 for estrogen and progesterone receptors, respectively. Both incidence and cytosol concentrations were lower for all sex hormone receptors in soft tissue metastasis than in the
primary tumor
. This decrease is not likely to be due to differences in tumor cellularity since metastatic tumors appear to be more cellular as judged from a lower cytosol content of extracellular proteins (albumin). No significant differences were observed in any parameter investigated between different metastatic sites (skin, lymph nodes). Androgen receptor levels were strongly correlated to estrogen and progesterone receptor concentration in both primary and secondary cancers. Cytosol androgen receptor concentration increases with age. This increase is more significant in metastatic than in primary tumors. Evidently, tumor cellularity is a confounding factor in primary tumors since tumor cytosols from younger patients showed a higher content of extracellular proteins. Receptor levels in lymph node metastasis did not exhibit age dependence. This may suggest that locally produced factors rather than circulating levels of sex steroids modulate tumor receptor expression. In metastatic tissues androgen receptors are present with twice the frequency of progesterone receptors and one in four of these tumors express androgen receptor as their sole sex hormone receptor. This supports the view that some of the beneficial effects of high dose progestin treatment of advanced breast cancer are mediated through the androgen receptor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
...
PMID:Improved measurement of androgen receptors in human breast cancer. 258 56
Among various 2D nanomaterials,
molybdenum
disulfide (MoS
2
) exhibits unique visible photoluminescence with high absorption at the near-infrared (NIR) range. Despite these optical properties, the efforts to use MoS
2
nanomaterials for optical imaging and photothermal therapy are hampered by their instability and low intracellular delivery efficiency. Multifunctional MoS
2
conjugated with hyaluronate (HA) for cancer theranosis is reported herein. HA facilitates the delivery of MoS
2
to tumor cells by the HA-receptor mediated endocytosis. In BALB/c nude mice inoculated with a colorectal cancer cell line of HCT116, HA-MoS
2
conjugates appear to be accumulated in the
primary tumor
at a content more than that in the liver and kidney. The disulfide bonding between MoS
2
and thiolated HA seems to degrade in the cytoplasm, releasing MoS
2
sheets in stacks and enhancing luminescence efficiency. The HA-MoS
2
conjugates are readily detected via photoacoustic imaging as well as upconversion and downconversion fluorescence imaging. With NIR light illumination, HA-MoS
2
conjugates enable highly effective photothermal tumor ablation. All these results confirm the promising potential of HA-MoS
2
conjugates for cancer theranosis.
...
PMID:Multimodal Cancer Theranosis Using Hyaluronate-Conjugated Molybdenum Disulfide. 3048 Mar 80
