Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0677930 (primary tumor)
 20,210 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In B10 mice (H-2b) the Sarcoma I allograft (H-2a) was after a period of temporary progression definitely rejected by the allo-transplantation reaction. After a treatment of B10 mice with xenogeneic antithymocyte serum (ATS) the primary growth of the Sa I allograft was enhanced, later the allograft grew either permanently or, after a short regression, exhibited secondary growth, or permanently regressed. The destructive activity of spleen cells from untreated recipients, as measured according to the Winn neutralization test, increased at the time of tumor rejection and remained elevated. In ATS-treated recipients the destructive activity was markedly suppressed during primary tumor growth, at the time of temporary regression significantly increased and in permanent regressors remained elevated. In progressors there was again a decrease of this activity. The destructive activity in the spleen of regressors was found mainly in the cell fraction which did not adhere to nylon wool; these cells significantly accelerated the development and enhanced the destructive activity of normal spleen cells. The decrease of destructive activity in recipients with progressively growing tumors was detected both in cells adhering and in those which did not adhere to nylon wool. Besides this defect, the defect of proliferative activity of spleen cells was detected by the local graft-versus-host reaction test in non-treated as well as ATS-treated recipients. It could not be directly proven that the suppression of the alloimmune reactivity was caused by suppressor cells--in spleens of progressors there were found no cells capable to suppress the activity of effector cells nor the evolution of the destructive activity of normal spleen cells.
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PMID:Study of destructive mechanisms of the immune response to sarcoma I allograft in mice. 647 12

Tumor growth and metastasis of lacZ-transduced murine lymphoma ESbL cells inoculated into syngeneic DBA/2 mice are characterized by a transient plateau phase with a constant tumor diameter and low metastatic load, indicating a host response against the tumor. Here we show that endothelial cells participate in a T-cell-dependent, anti-metastatic response by producing NO in situ. Liver endothelial cells were isolated and examined directly ex vivo without further manipulation. NO production in liver endothelial cells reached the highest level during the plateau phase but declined toward the end of it, followed by an overall breakdown of host response, leading to progressive tumor growth and high load of liver metastasis. Mice subjected to anti-tumor immunization and subsequent challenge with a tumorigenic dose of ESbL-lacZ cells showed, in comparison to non-immunized challenged controls, reduced liver metastasis and increased endothelial NO production. Adoptive transfer of anti-tumor immune spleen cells from semi-allogeneic B10.D2 mice into tumor-bearing animals during the plateau phase caused a regression of primary tumor and metastases, together with a preservation of the high level of NO synthesis in endothelial cells. In immuno-incompetent (SCID) mice, tumor growth and metastasis were progressive and there was no endothelial NO response. Pre-immunization of immuno-competent mice with both live and irradiated tumor cells at different sites of the body led to an induction of NO production by liver endothelial cells. These results reveal a novel role of endothelial cells in the suppression of lymphoma metastasis in the liver. The inducible endothelial cell NO response is apparently dependent and induced by mature T lymphocytes.
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PMID:Liver endothelial cells participate in T-cell-dependent host resistance to lymphoma metastasis by production of nitric oxide in vivo. 759 Dec 40

In the present study, the respective roles of T cells and their subpopulations as well as of NK (natural killer) cells in antitumor immune responses were followed using the SaI (H-2a) allograft model. The development of this tumor in B10 (H-2b) mice was evaluated after pretreatment of the recipients with xenogeneic antithymocyte serum (ATS). Anti-Thy 1.2, anti-Lyt 2.2 and anti-L3T4 monoclonal antibodies were used in order to determine T lymphocyte phenotypes and to assess the frequency of TC/S and TH subpopulations at various periods of tumor development. Rabbit polyclonal anti-asialo GM1 antiserum was used for the identification of NK cells. In a previous work it was suggested that the first week following transplantation, the cells predominantly involved in the growth regulation of SaI belong to the TS subclass. Our results based on the use of anti-Lyt 2.2 monoclonal antibodies have further supported this finding. The application of anti-Thy 1.2 on the 3rd and 5th day has hampered a secondary tumor growth while anti-Lyt 2.2 was effective when given on day 5. The depletion of Lyt. 2.2+ cells on day 3 resulted in the inhibition of both primary and secondary tumor development. On the other hand, when anti-Thy 1.2 was applied on day 7 after transplantation, the primary and secondary tumor growth was strikingly enhanced. It appears that Thy 1.2+ lymphocytes display at this period effector functions and contribute, in conjunction with macrophages, to subsequent tumor regression. The depletion of L3T4 cells on days 3 and 5 after tumor inoculation has resulted in primary tumor growth enhancement. This suggests that cells of the L3T4+ phenotype display at this time helper functions contributing to CTL proliferation and maturation. A further indication, supporting the possible suppressor effect of L3T4+ cells, counts from the finding that anti-L3T4 treatment results in an inhibition of secondary tumor growth. The anti-asialo GM1 treatment has not enhanced, at least significantly, primary tumor development but has partially or totally inhibited the growth of secondary tumors. It appears that cells of the GM1+ (NK cells) phenotype do not participate in any substantial way in the early phases of SaI tumor development in ATS treated allogeneic recipients.
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PMID:Regulatory role of T lymphocytes and NK cells in tumor allograft development. 835 Sep 58

The expression of the melanoma-associated antigen (MAGE) genes consists of variables in all tumor types, such as lung cancer, which are relevant to be silent in all normal tissues except germ cells. They are considered as tumor-specific antigens, and are ideal targets for cancer immunotherapy. A complete MAGE genes differential expression profile analysis of lung cancer can provide this study not only various target genes for immunotherapy, but also valuable markers for further diagnosis and prognosis. This research has constructed a membrane array, which was consisted 32 MAGE genes, to detect whether the differential expression profile occurred in 52 pairs of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) samples. Nearly 32 MAGE genes have been differential expressed in NSCLC except MAGE-B1 and -E2. MAGE-B, -C, -D, and subgroup -B6, -D4 have showed prominences in lung adenocarcinoma. High-frequent expression of MAGE-D, and subgroup -A2, -D2 has also been discovered in non-metastasis group (p<0.05). However, there is no significant difference of MAGE genes differential expression shown among different primary tumor (T), nodal involvement (N) and overall stages. Several MAGE subgroup genes, such as MAGE-A5, -A7, -A8, -A9, -A11, -B3, -B4, -B10, -D2, -D3, -F1, -G1, -H1, and -L2, have been first discovered to show differential expression in NSCLC. Although the small size of the sample may limit the diagnostic and prognostic value of MAGE genes, the function of the membrane array can provide this study a high-throughput method to detect the whole MAGE genes differential expression profile.
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PMID:Differential expression profile of MAGE family in non-small-cell lung cancer. 1720 31

Most immunotherapy studies in animal tumor models are performed in early stages of the disease. Reports on the studies of treatment in late stages of tumor growth and metastasis are much rarer. To guide future efforts for treatment in late-stage disease, a model of effective immune rejection of advanced metastasized cancer is reviewed and lessons therefrom are summarized. Already cachectic DBA/2 mice with a subcutaneously transplanted syngeneic tumor (ESb-MP lymphoma) of 1.5 cm diameter and with macroscopic liver and kidney metastases at 4 weeks could be successfully treated by a combination of sublethal (5 Gy) irradiation followed by a single transfer of 20 million anti-tumor immune spleen cells from tumor-resistant allogeneic MHC-B10.D2 mice. Following intravenous cell transfer, the primary tumors became encapsulated and were eventually rejected from the skin while visceral metastases gradually disappeared leaving behind only scar tissue. There was wound-healing at the site of the rejected primary tumor, and the animals survived long term without any tumor recurrence. The complete eradication of late-stage disease by adoptive cellular immunotherapy could be corroborated noninvasively by (31)P-NMR spectroscopy of primary tumors and by (1)H-NMR microimaging of liver metastases. Conclusions from functional mechanistic studies in this model are summarized and clinical implications discussed.
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PMID:Complete remission of cancer in late-stage disease by radiation and transfer of allogeneic MHC-matched immune T cells: lessons from GvL studies in animals. 2461 41

Brain metastasis (BM) is a leading cause of mortality in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying BM of NSCLC remain largely unknown because of the lack of models to accurately investigate such a dynamic and complex process. Here we developed a multi-organ microfluidic chip as a new methodological platform to study BM. The chip consisted of two bionic organ units - an upstream "lung" and a downstream "brain" characterized by a functional "blood-brain barrier (BBB)" structure, allowing real-time visual monitoring of the entire BM process, from the growth of primary tumor to its breaking through the BBB, and finally reaching the brain parenchyma. The chip was verified by lung cancer cell lines with differing metastatic abilities and then applied for the BM research where we first demonstrated that the protein expression of Aldo-keto reductase family 1 B10 (AKR1B10) was significantly elevated in lung cancer BM. Silencing AKR1B10 in brain metastatic tumor cells suppressed their extravasation through the BBB in the in vitro Transwell model, in our ex vivo microfluidic chip, as well as the in vivo model of brain metastasis in nude mice. Moreover, AKR1B10 downregulated the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 via MEK/ERK signaling in metastatic lung cancers. These data suggest that our multi-organ microfluidic chip is a practical alternative to study BM pathogenesis, and AKR1B10 is a diagnostic biomarker and a prospective therapeutic target for NSCLC BM. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Brain metastasis (BM) of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a complex cascade, and in particular, the process of lung cancer cells penetrating the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is very unique. However, due to the lack of reliable models that can faithfully mimic the dynamic process of BBB breaking, its molecular mechanisms have not well elucidated so far. In addition, although Aldo-keto reductase family 1 B10 (AKR1B10) has been implicated to the tumor development of liver cancer and many other cancers, little is known on its roles in the BM. Here, we established a multi-organ microfluidic bionic chip platform to recapitulate the entire BM process, and applied it to the BM pathology research, especially BBB extravasation. By using the chip and traditional models synergistically, we first demonstrated that AKR1B10 was significantly elevated in lung cancer BM, and defined the value of AKR1B10 as a diagnostic serum biomarker for lung cancer patients suffering from BM. Further, we investigated the role and mechanisms of AKR1B10 in BM that it promotes the extravasation of cancer cells through the BBB.
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PMID:AKR1B10 (Aldo-keto reductase family 1 B10) promotes brain metastasis of lung cancer cells in a multi-organ microfluidic chip model. 3103 48