Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0677930 (primary tumor)
 20,210 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The fate of clonal lineages in tumor formation and metastasis has been studied by genotypic marking of cells from three separate tumor lines of different malignant potential. Marking was accomplished by random incorporation of the neomycin resistance gene and visualized by Southern blot analysis of integration sites. Primary tumors formed by polyclonal cell suspensions of all three cell lines injected s.c. usually remained polyclonal even at late stages of tumor growth and metastatic spread. Lung metastases were often clonal, but it was not unusual to find ones of polyclonal origin. Lymph node metastases were almost always polyclonal and remained so, as they grew large. Sometimes clones present in the original inoculum were absent in the primary. Other times clones visible in the metastases were undetectable in the corresponding primary tumor. Occasionally a single clone became dominant in the primary, and others were eliminated, but this was not a necessary prelude to the onset of invasive or metastatic behavior. It is concluded that there is considerable variation in the results obtained with various cell lines in different circumstances. Even clones which are underrepresented in the original inoculum or the primary tumor can acquire metastatic capability. Hence, progression of malignancy is not uniformly dependent on prior or concurrent extinction of other non- or less metastatic clones in the neoplasm, and the underlying mechanisms of invasion and metastasis can be separated from those which sometimes confer growth supremacy on a clone of tumor cells. The frequent continuing genetic heterogeneity of cells in a neoplasm has substantial implications for clinical treatment protocols.
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PMID:Fate of clonal lineages during neoplasia and metastasis studied with an incorporated genetic marker. 155 Nov 2

The records of 123 patients with squamous cell cancer of the lip presenting to the Vancouver Clinic of the British Columbia Cancer Agency from 1984 and 1988 were reviewed, and 4 were excluded from the study for various reasons. Initial treatment was surgery in 40, radiotherapy in 61, and combined in 18 patients. The primary tumor was staged as TIS in 11, T1 in 57, T2 in 24, T3 in 15, T4 in 1, and undetermined in 11. Follow-up continued for a minimum of 2 years in all but five patients. Lymph node metastases developed in 19 patients, representing 18% of the 108 patients with invasive cancer. The size of the primary tumor correlated with the likelihood of metastases. The neck disease was controlled in only 8 of the 19 patients with metastases, whereas control of the primary tumor was achieved in all but 3 patients. It is concluded that the development of node metastases in patients with lip cancer is more frequent than commonly appreciated and is associated with a high mortality rate. Close follow-up is essential to allow early detection of neck involvement. Aggressive surgery is indicated when such involvement becomes evident.
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PMID:Impact of cervical lymph node metastases from squamous cell cancer of the lip. 157

We report the growth characteristics of seven human laryngeal carcinomas transplanted into athymic mice. Six of the tumors were harvested from surgical pathology specimens and one was from a laryngeal carcinoma cell line. Tumor tissue measuring 2-3 cubic millimeters was implanted subcutaneously into the flank of the mice. Time intervals between implantation and active growth were recorded and tumor volume was calculated weekly. Mice were sacrificed at various time intervals. For three tumors, second and third passages of the tumor were performed. Successful tumor growth was achieved in 6/7 (85.7%) tumors. Primary implantation of tumor was performed in a total of 26 mice, 17 of which grew successfully. The average time interval between tumor implantation and measurable tumor growth for the five zenografts derived directly from patients was 36 days (range 25-40 days). The mean doubling time was 16 days (range 7-30 days). The overall take rate per animal for serial passage of tumor was 36 out of 43 (83.7%). The lag phase and the mean tumor doubling time decreased with each successive passage. At autopsy most tumors were confined to the subcutaneous structures by a well-formed capsule. Lymph node metastases and disseminated metastases were not seen. We conclude that the athymic mouse model is suitable to establish primary tumor growth of human laryngeal cancer.
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PMID:Growth characteristics of human laryngeal carcinoma in athymic mice. 204 Oct 60

Ten of 150 patients with primary squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus and surgically treated, survived for more than 10 years. All 10 underwent a complete resection of the primary tumor and extensive lymph node dissection plus perioperative irradiation. The clinicopathologic findings in these 10 patients were reviewed. Five were female. Seven of the tumors exceeded 6 cm in length; seven were early stage, and the remaining three were advanced stage tumors. Lymph node metastases were evident in three, lymph vessel permeation was recognized in four, and no vascular vessel permeation was seen in any tumor. Two tumors had a characteristic appearance of carcinoma with lymphoid stroma, suggesting a good prognosis. In six for which cytophotometric DNA analysis could be done, four were type II, two were type III, and none was type IV. Thus, a complete resection of the primary tumor and extensive lymph node dissection can lead to a long survival time even for those with an advanced primary esophageal carcinoma.
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PMID:Ten-year survivors after surgical treatment and perioperative irradiation for esophageal carcinoma. 206 84

The clinical characteristics of 76 patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma seen during a 22-year period are described. Lymph node metastases at presentation or later occurred almost exclusively in men, and the five-year rate of "node-free" survival was 62 per cent for men and 95 per cent for women. Node metastases were more common in poorly differentiated tumors, but site and stage of the primary disease did not affect the metastatic rate. Surgery scarcely improved the rate of survival of patients with nodal metastases. The authors were unable to confirm previous observations that embolic nodal metastases at a distance from the primary tumor do not occur.
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PMID:Lymph node metastases in adenoid cystic carcinoma. 300 98

Autopsy findings for 111 cases of esophageal cancer are presented. Residual tumor in the esophagus was present in 75% of the cases. Lymph node metastases were found in 74.5% and visceral metastases in 50% of the cases. Autopsy revealed a second primary tumor in 21% of the cases; 12% of these were oropharyngeal-laryngeal (OPL) carcinomas, and 9% were visceral carcinomas or malignant lymphomas. Nonmalignant disease found in association with esophageal cancer was dominated by conditions related to chronic alcoholism. Autopsy findings thus revealed that the patients bore not only esophageal lesions, but also patterns of other associated malignant and nonmalignant diseases which would seem to correspond to a complex pathologic state occurring in association with chronic alcoholism. The time between onset of symptoms and autopsy averaged 10.6 months and between first consultation and autopsy, 6.3 months. The brevity of survival from onset of symptoms would seem to confirm that by the time esophageal cancer manifests clinically, it is already at a stage of development beyond the scope of treatment.
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PMID:Autopsy findings in 111 cases of esophageal cancer. 645 43

Variation in human blood group isoantigen expression on normal and malignant gastric epithelium was demonstrated with monoclonal antibodies to blood groups A and B in an indirect immunoperoxidase technique. The expected isoantigen expression was demonstrated on endoscopic biopsy specimens of normal gastric mucosa from 11 patients. Of 17 patients with gastric carcinoma (blood group A, 15; blood group AB, 2), complete loss of isoantigen expression was noted in 6 (35%). In these 6 patients, blood group isoantigen remained both in the adjacent uninvolved mucosa and at the margin of resection. The loss of isoantigen did not appear to be related to the degree of differentiation within the tumor, to the secretor status of the patient, or to the blood subgroup. Lymph node metastases reflected the isoantigen status of the primary tumor, being positive in 5 of 6 expression in all 17 patients or in an additional 15 patients studied with blood group O. These findings were discussed in the light of previously reported work on the localization of blood group isoantigens on malignant and nonmalignant gastric epithelium with the use of conventional antisera and a variety of immunohistologic techniques.
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PMID:Human blood group isoantigen expression on normal and malignant gastric epithelium studied with anti-A and anti-B monoclonal antibodies. 657 56

Sixty-one patients with lymph node metastases and occult primary tumor are reported. The patients were analyzed with respect to age and sex, as well as to the histologic diagnosis of the lymph nodes examined. In 24 of these patients, the primary tumor was found later; in 12 of these, not until autopsy. Site and histologic type of the lymph node metastases permit conclusions about the primary tumor. Treatment of the metastasis by surgery or irradiation ist indicated in order to hinder expansion and, in cases of late discovery of primary tumor, to take advantage of the remaining chances for a cure. The prognosis is unfavorable when the primary tumor remains undiscovered. In our patient group, the average survival time following confirmation of a lymph node metastasis was only 25 months. Lymph node metastases in the neck region are a special case. Here, the occult primary tumor ist sometimes cured in connection with surgery and/or irradiation of the cervical region.
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PMID:[Metastasis to the lymph nodes from an occult primary tumor: aspects of diagnostics and therapy (author's transl)]. 725 5

Nine pyriform sinus tumors and 16 supraglottic laryngeal lesions were studied by computed tomography. The pyriform sinus tumors had a much higher incidence of thyroid cartilage invasion (five of nine patients) and involved the posterolateral margins of the cartilage. Only two of 16 supraglottic tumors reached the thyroid cartilage, involving the midline or more inferior margins. The supraglottic tumors grew in a circumferential pattern, and when the pre-epiglottic space was involved, extension was bilateral. Lesions of the pyriform sinus more frequently showed unilateral involvement. Lymph node metastases were seen in an approximately equal proportion of patients in the two groups, and they correlated more with the size of the primary tumor than with its site of origin. Posteroinferior invasion of the space between the thyroid and cricoid cartilage was seen only with pyriform sinus lesions.
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PMID:Differentiation of pyriform sinus cancer from supraglottic laryngeal cancer by computed tomography. 729 68

To investigate the significance of the number of node metastases in gastric cancer and its relationship to traditional anatomical classification, 305 patients who underwent a radical gastrectomy and extended lymphadenectomy (R3/4) with curative intent were reviewed. Lymph node metastases was found in 191 (62.6%) patients. The incidence of lymph node metastases was closely related to the depth of cancer invasion as well as the extent of lymph node group involvement. The frequency of metastases in different lymph node locations was related to the location of the primary tumor. The 3-year survival rates for patients with node involvement and without were 42.1 and 92.3%, respectively. In node number analysis, the distribution of the N1 group and the N4 group involvement was rather characteristic and could be predicted from a node number < 4 or > 12. The predictability of N2 and N3 involvement from node numbers 4-8 and 9-12 was less satisfactory. On the whole, patients with a metastatic node number < 4 could be considered to be N1 and had a relative good prognosis. Patients with node number 4-10 could be considered as N2 and > 10 as an incurable disease with distant metastases. Both had a poor prognosis. The data suggest that lymph node number represents the biologic behavior of cancer instead of the anatomic consideration of conventional N stage. The number of metastatic lymph node number is a good prognostic indicator with similar predicting power as the conventional node stage.
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PMID:Lymph node metastases in gastric cancer: significance of positive number. 780 Mar 42


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