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Query: UMLS:C0677930 (primary tumor)
 20,210 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Malignant progression in breast cancer represents the processes through which localized, hormone-dependent tumor cells become resistant to endocrine manipulations and metastasize to sites distant from the primary tumor. By selection in ovariectomized athymic nude mice, we have isolated a variant (MIII) of the hormone-dependent, poorly invasive, human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. MIII cells have lost their absolute requirement for estrogen to form proliferating tumors in nude mice. Furthermore, these tumors are significantly more invasive than the parental MCF-7 cell line. MIII cells retain some responsivity to estrogens and antiestrogens, indicating that they have progressed to a hormone-independent but hormone-esponsive phenotype. In an attempt to determine the nature of this process, we have compared the phenotype of MIII cells with that of other MCF-7 variants. These comparisons strongly suggest that the factors contributing to perturbations in antiestrogen sensitivity, hormone-dependent growth, metastatic potential and tumorigenicity are essentially independent of each other and acquired in a random manner. Loss of estrogen receptor expression and overexpression of EGF receptors tend to occur later in the process of malignant progression.
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PMID:The process of malignant progression in human breast cancer. 208 84

Spontaneous and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) by peripheral blood macrophages was investigated in breast cancer. Whereas spontaneous TNF production by macrophages derived from patients with breast cancer was comparable with the one found in healthy controls (P greater than 0.1), LPS-stimulated macrophages derived from patients in the disease-free interval as well as with metastatic breast cancer were found to produce significantly lower amounts of TNF, as compared with macrophages derived from healthy control individuals (P less than 0.0005). However, the production of TNF did not significantly differ between the two patient populations (P greater than 0.05). The impairment of LPS-induced TNF production did not depend upon such characteristics of the primary tumor as size, axillary lymph node and estrogen receptor status, or upon the fact of administration of adjuvant chemotherapy and, in patients with metastatic disease, hormone treatment. To further investigate cytokine production by macrophages, spontaneous and LPS-induced interleukin-1 (IL-1) production was investigated also. However, no difference was found between patients and controls concerning IL-1 generation. The authors thus conclude that LPS-induced TNF production was impaired in breast cancer independent of the presence of detectable metastatic disease, whereas IL-1 production remained unimpaired.
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PMID:Impaired production of tumor necrosis factor in breast cancer. 222 91

The rationale for endocrine therapy in patients with advanced endometrial carcinoma may be based on the presence of estrogen or progesterone receptors in the primary tumor. A study was designed to evaluate tumor cell heterogeneity of steroid hormone receptors in the primary and metastatic sites in endometrial cancer. Primary endometrial cancer tissue samples from 10 patients and 16 metastatic tumor sites were simultaneously analyzed for estrogen and progesterone receptors, using a radioligand biochemical assay. The primary tumor was estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) positive in 70 and 60% of the patients, respectively. The metastatic sites were ER positive in 63% and PR positive in 25%. The primary tumor tissue and the metastatic disease showed an identical ER and PR status in only 25 and 19%, respectively. Four patients had multiple metastatic sites analyzed. In two of four patients the PR values, and in three of four patients the ER values, in these metastatic sites were discordant. These data support the concept of tumor cell heterogeneity for steroid hormone receptors in endometrial cancer. To optimize treatment planning, it may be important to biopsy primary, metastatic, and recurrent tumor sites for individual analysis of receptor activity.
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PMID:Heterogeneity in hormone receptor status in primary and metastatic endometrial cancer. 222 58

Seventy-three patients with uterine sarcomas were treated between 1976 and 1987. Steroid receptors were analyzed in 60 cases; 48% were estrogen receptor (ER) positive, and 30% progesterone receptor (PR) positive. Only 1 of 28 patients with residual or recurrent disease showed a response to hormonal therapy. Neither receptor status of the primary tumor nor use of adjuvant hormonal therapy affected survival.
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PMID:Uterine sarcoma: steroid receptors and response to hormonal therapy. 225 84

The added prognostic value of cellular DNA content compared with single and combined morphometric factors and classical parameters such as tumor size, nodal status, histologic grade and estrogen receptor (ER) content was investigated in 225 consecutive breast-cancer patients with long follow-up. Of all features investigated, the MPI (multivariate prognostic index) had the strongest prognostic value [Mantel-Cox (MC) = 48.2, p less than 0.00005]. The results further showed that neither age nor ER content had significant prognostic value, but the DNA index (DI) as a single parameter had (though weak) prognostic significance (MC = 5.9, p = 0.015); a similar result was obtained with the percentage of S-phase cells (MC = 6.1, p = 0.013). The DI had (restricted) additional prognostic value to the morphometric features (MPI plus DI Mantel-Cox 53.0, p less than 0.0001). The percentage of S-phase cells had no additional prognostic value over the MPI. On the other hand, the additional value of the DI over tumor size and nodal status was much more impressive (MC = 41.0 and 40.7), although it did not reach the prognostic significance of the MPI. Prediction of disease outcome with a linear combination of quantitative microscopical parameters of the primary tumor alone [MAI (mitotic activity index), DI and mean nuclear area] was very accurate, even without considering lymph-node status (MC 30.8, p less than 0.0005). Grade had no additional value to the MPI at all (p = 0.76). This could be especially important for lymph-node-negative patients in whom the prognostic value of the MPI and the MAI are confirmed.
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PMID:Further evaluation of the prognostic value of morphometric and flow cytometric parameters in breast-cancer patients with long follow-up. 229 93

Although patients with advanced breast cancer usually die of their disease, the clinical course is highly variable. Numerous investigators have examined potential prognostic factors predicting time to recurrence for primary (localized) breast cancer. Less attention has been paid to evaluating prognostic factors in patients presenting with metastatic disease. A group of 86 women with metastatic breast cancer diagnosed between 1974 and 1984 was studied to determine the effect of certain prognostic factors on survival. Univariate analysis of these factors indicates that specific sites of recurrence, estrogen receptor (ER) status, size of the primary tumor at original diagnosis, and tumor histology; i.e., tumor differentiation, were significantly associated with predicting survival in patients presenting with metastatic disease. Poor survival, i.e., less than, or equal to, 22 months from initial presentation, is associated with a primary tumor greater than five cm., ER level less than 10 fmol/mg. of protein, lung and bone marrow recurrence, and poorly differentiated histology. Menstrual status, age, bone or lymph node site of metastases, and elapsed time between patient knowledge of symptoms and subsequent initial medical evaluation were not significant predictors of survival in patients presenting with metastatic disease.
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PMID:Prognostic factors determining survival in breast cancer patients presenting with metastatic disease. 230 Nov 63

Two cell lines (University of Michigan squamous carcinoma of the vulva UM-SCV-1A and UM-SCV-1B) were established from the primary tumor and a malignant pleural effusion of a 62-year-old woman. Both tumor specimens grew vigorously in vitro and could be passaged after only 14 and 10 days in culture, respectively. Both cell lines undergo 3 population doublings in 4 days, reaching saturation densities of 5 x 10(5) cells/cm2, and have been carried through more than 30 in vitro passages. In nude mice the cultured cells initially formed tumors but these regressed 2-3 weeks after inoculation. The regressing mouse tumors consisted of poorly differentiated squamous carcinoma surrounded by an inflammatory lymphoid infiltrate. The UM-SCV-1 cell lines express membrane antigens typically displayed by squamous-cell carcinomas. These include the HLA class-1 light chain beta 2-microglobulin, pemphigus, pemphigoid, and the alpha 6 beta 4 integrin defined by the UM-A9 monoclonal antibody (MAb). In contrast to the A431 vulvar carcinoma, these tumor lines do not have amplified expression of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor. Although tissue from the primary tumor contained low levels of estrogen receptor activity, no receptor activity was detected in the cell lines. Nevertheless, both lines were sensitive to growth inhibition by tamoxifen. This effect was not reversible by estradiol, indicating an estrogen-receptor-independent mechanism. The tumors were both hypotetraploid, contained the same chromosome rearrangements and had stable karyotypes in vitro. Each contained inv(1)(p36.3q32.1), del(4)(q12), dic(4;11)(q12;p11.2), i(5p), der(6)t(3;6)(q25.1;p21.1), several rearrangements involving chromosomes 8 and 14, + i(13), i(18p), a dicentric t(11;19), and 2 or 3 unidentified markers. Since the karyotypes of both tumors were the same, no major karyotypic change was associated with metastatic spread. These paired primary and metastatic SCC lines from an unusually aggressive vulvar carcinoma provide an in vitro model for analysis of the biological basis of this tumor's behavior.
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PMID:Phenotypic characterization, karyotype analysis and in vitro tamoxifen sensitivity of new ER-negative vulvar carcinoma cell lines, UM-SCV-1A and UM-SCV-1B. 233 95

A retrospective analysis was undertaken in which 15 female and 15 male breast cancers were matched by age, stage, estrogen receptor status, and histologic type. Our protocol compares male and female breast cancers for reactivity with antibodies against tumor-associated antigens known to be present on female breast cancer cells. Formalin-fixed sections of each primary tumor were reacted in the ABC immunoperoxidase assay against antibodies B72.3 and DF.3 and an antibody to the ras p21 antigen. Reactivity to B72.3 and DF.3 was similar. However, the ras p21 antigen was expressed to a significantly greater extent in female breast cancers (p = .0008). Thus, although there are similarities in antigenic phenotype of male and female breast cancers, some female breast cancers may have a different pathogenesis as demonstrated by increased amounts of a specific oncogene product.
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PMID:A comparison of tumor-related antigens in male and female breast cancer. 242 26

We have developed an immunocytochemical staining procedure (ERICA) using a monoclonal antibody to the estrogen receptor (ER) to determine ER status from samples obtained by fine needle aspiration of primary and recurrent breast cancer tissue (cyto-ERICA). ER status was assessable on 214 of 246 smeared aspirates from breast cancer patients. In 143 (66.8%) assessable smears positive nuclear staining was observed but was completely absent in 71 (33.2%) cases. In 107 cases we were able to compare results with those obtained with the quantifiable dextrancoated charcoal (DCC) radioligand binding technique using surgically excised material. We observed qualitative agreement in 53 of 62 (85.5%) of primary specimens and 16 of 16 (100%) recurrent samples compared to the subsequent DCC result on the same sample. Aspirates obtained from new secondary deposits were also assessed and in 16 of 19 (84.2%) cases results agreed with that established previously by DCC on the primary breast tumor. In a further 6 of 10 (60%) cases the cyto-ERICA result obtained from recurrent samples qualitatively agreed with that determined by DCC on a previous recurrent lesion. A comparison of staining of aspirates was also made against frozen tissue sections stained with the monoclonal antibody (tissue-ERICA). Where comparison was made of primary tumor specimens agreement was observed in 40 of 45 (88.9%) of cases while specimens from secondary lesions agreed qualitatively in 14 of 17 (82.3%) of cases. In a small number of samples where tissue-ERICA was performed on an earlier lesion to that aspirated for cyto-ERICA an agreement of 4 of 5 (80%) was observed. This technique shows good sensitivity in demonstrating ER in aspirate specimens, should therefore permit us to determine ER status before surgery for primary breast cancer, and may also mean that surgery for recurrent disease to determine receptor status is no longer necessary.
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PMID:Presurgical determination of estrogen receptor status using immunocytochemically stained fine needle aspirate smears in patients with breast cancer. 244 37

For the purpose of demonstrating the relationship between epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) content in the tumor and histopathologic characteristics, 45 women with breast cancer who underwent mastectomy were analyzed. EGFR content was measured by competitive binding assay using 125I, while EGFR was detected by immunocytochemical staining. Tumors with more than 1 fmol/mg protein EGFR were defined as positive, and a good correlation between competitive binding assay and staining was observed. Seventeen of them (37.8%) had EGFR-positive tumors. Eight of the 17 EGFR-positive tumors (47.1%) were positive for estrogen receptor (ER), whereas 24 of the 28 EGFR-negative tumors (85.7%) were ER-positive. This inverse relation was statistically significant (chi 2; p less than 0.05). Twelve of the 17 EGFR-positive cases (70.6%) had axillary node involvements, against 11 of the 28 (39.3%) in the EGFR-negative cases. There was no difference in the size of primary tumor between the two groups. These results suggested that EGFR-positive tumors have more malignant potency than EGFR-negative tumors. In 8 cases, EGFR content in metastatic axillary nodes was compared with that in primary tumors. More EGFR content indicated in metastatic axillary nodes than in primary tumors without significant difference.
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PMID:[Epidermal growth factor receptor in human breast cancer]. 245 73


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