Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0677930 (primary tumor)
 20,210 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The goals of composite resection with reconstruction plate application include removal of the primary tumor, any compromised portions of the mandible, and any involved lymph-bearing tissue. Recent advances in surgical technique and reconstruction have made this treatment a more appealing choice for patients. Although microvascular free flaps may be the treatment of choice in the younger patient with an excellent prognosis, the use of reconstruction plates with a myocutaneous flap remains a viable alternative for many patients with oral cancer. Regardless of the reconstructive technique utilized, both functional and aesthetic parameters must be addressed in treatment planning for patients with head and neck cancer.
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PMID:Lateral mandibulectomy and partial glossectomy with plate application. 1190 12

Smokeless tobacco usage is a growing public health concern in the United States. Epidemiological evidence shows a correlation between use of chewing tobacco, lesions of the oral cavity and the incidence of oral and other cancers. However, the molecular mechanism(s) underlying the oral cancer causation are yet unknown. The major constituents of tobacco are known to cause inflammation, DNA damage and cell death. We propose modulation of inflammatory mediators by smokeless tobacco as a novel mechanism for the development of oral cancer. Exposure of hamster cheek pouches to smokeless tobacco extract (STE) results in cleavage of the anti-inflammatory peptide from the anti-inflammatory protein annexin I. Annexin I is produced from cultured oral epithelial cells and its expression is modulated by STE. We further show that STE exposure of oral epithelial cells results in upregulation of the pro-inflammatory protein COX-2. COX-2 is also upregulated in immortalized human oral epithelial cells, human squamous cell carcinoma cells and in primary tumor tissues from head and neck cancer. In summary, we find that exposure to smokeless tobacco results in loss of the anti-inflammatory activity of annexin I and upregulation of the pro-inflammatory COX-2 in oral cells. The dual effect of these regulatory events leads the cells down the carcinogenic pathway.
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PMID:Modulation of annexin I and cyclooxygenase-2 in smokeless tobacco-induced inflammation and oral cancer. 1287 Jun 56

The methylation pattern in the promoter region of p16, DAPK, MGMT and GSTP1 genes was investigated in oral cancer tissues and tumor associated adjacent tissues, using methylation specific PCR assay. The samples constituted 60 primary oral tumors and corresponding adjacent clinically and histopathologically normal mucosa, and buccal epithelial scrapings from 20 normal healthy individuals without any tobacco habits. The incidence of hypermethylation in oral tumor and adjacent mucosa for p16 gene was 66.7 and 50%, for DAPK was 68.3 and 60%, and MGMT gene was 51.7 and 26.7%, respectively. The overall hypermethylation in the three genes in the primary tumor was 86.7%, and corresponding adjacent normal mucosa tissues 76.7%. Hypermethylation was not observed in the promoter region of GSTP1 gene in either the primary tumors or the corresponding adjacent normal mucosa. Absence of aberrant methylation in the four genes was noted in buccal scrapings from normal healthy individuals with no tobacco habits. Thus, a high frequency of promoter region hypermethylation was observed in p16, DAPK and MGMT genes in oral cancer tissues as well as in corresponding adjacent normal mucosa. Our results indicate that epigenetic alteration of these genes is a frequent event in oral cancer, and is an early event observed in normal oral mucosa of the patients, indicating the critical importance of the epigenetic alteration in chewing tobacco associated oral carcinogenesis.
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PMID:Concurrent hypermethylation of multiple regulatory genes in chewing tobacco associated oral squamous cell carcinomas and adjacent normal tissues. 1469 37

Oral cancer is one of the most disfiguring types of cancer, since the surgical removal of the tumor may result in facial distortion. Oral cancer is also known to exhibit "field cancerization", resulting in the development of a second primary tumor. Furthermore, the five-year survival rate of this disease has remained approximately 50% during the past 30 years. Prevention and early detection/treatment of oral cancer could significantly improve the quality of life for individuals at risk. Recently, the targeted elimination of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells by inducing apoptosis has emerged as a valued strategy to combat oral cancer. Studies utilizing a variety of chemical or biological interventions demonstrated promising results for induction of apoptosis in oral malignant cells. This review summarizes the results of a number of investigations focused specifically on induction of apoptosis in oral cancer cells by synthetic compounds and naturally occurring chemopreventive agents with apoptotic potential.
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PMID:Induction of apoptosis in oral cancer cells: agents and mechanisms for potential therapy and prevention. 1500 17

Radiation exposure, known to cause DNA damage, may be a potential source of field cancerization of the upper aerodigestive tract. Radiotherapy for head and neck cancers has been examined as a possible risk factor for second primary cancers, but the results have been equivocal. We evaluated the impact of therapeutic radiation for oral cancer on the risk of second primary cancers with data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program for 1973-1999. Among 30,221 first primary oral squamous cell carcinoma patients, 6163 (20.4%) patients developed a second primary cancer, 5042 of which were metachronous. Patients treated with radiation only (RR=1.64, 95%CI=1.18-2.29) or radiation with surgery (RR=1.49, 95%CI=1.07, 2.06) had elevated risks of developing a second primary tumor, whereas patients treated with surgery only did not appear to be at increased risk (RR=1.28, 95%CI=0.93, 1.76). Consistent with an expected latent period between radiation exposure and tumor occurrence, radiation became a risk factor after 10 years of follow-up for solid cancers of the oral cavity (RR=2.8, 95%CI=1.5, 5.2), pharynx (RR=5.9, 95%CI=1.7, 20.7), esophagus (RR=3.9, 95%CI=1.1, 13.4) and lung (RR=1.5, 95%CI=1.0, 2.4), and after 1-5 years of follow-up for second primary leukemia (RR=2.5, 95%CI=1.0, 6.7). Radiotherapy for oral cancer appears to be a risk factor for second primary tumors. Further studies that account for chemotherapy and examine frequency and duration of radiotherapy would be of interest in confirming the observed association.
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PMID:Radiotherapy for oral cancer as a risk factor for second primary cancers. 1576 94

The low survival rate of persons with oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) is directly related to the size of the primary tumor, lymph node involvement and to the smoking history. The association between medical independence and the survival rate of oral cancer is unclear. The purpose of this study was to assess the survival rate of institutionalized patients with oral cancer compared to those living independently. Information regarding gender, age, tobacco habits, disease characteristics, and survival status were recorded and statistically analyzed from 30 patients with oral cancer who were institutionalized compared to 543 patients with oral cancer who were non-institutionalized. Patients living in long-term care facilities (LTC) were significantly older than the independent patients (67% were 70 years or older versus 28% of independent patients) (p = 0.0001). No differences in smoking habits were noted between the two groups but more patients who were institutionalized stopped smoking at the time of diagnosis (p = 0.47). More patients who were institutionalized were diagnosed with positive lymph node involvement (p = 0.09). Significantly higher all-cause and disease-free 5-year survival rates were noted in the patients living independently, compared to the adults who were institutionalized (32% and 60% compared to 7% and 26% respectively; p < 0.05). The disease-specific 5-year survival was directly related to age (p = 0.001), size of the tumor (p = 0.001), and lymph node involvement (p < 0.001). Significant longer survival rates were observed for patients living independently. The more advanced disease seen in the patients who were institutionalized may be due to a delay in diagnosis, which may be associated with fewer symptoms, limited report of symptoms, a lack of attention or a misdiagnosis of the oral lesion.
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PMID:Patients with oropharyngeal cancer: a comparison of adults living independently and patients living in long-term care facilities. 1585 20

The presence of lymph node metastasis is the most important prognostic factor in oral cancer. The purpose of this study was to find useful markers for predicting occult cervical lymph node metastasis in patients with stage I or II squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. We investigated 6 clinicopathologic factors and 2 genetic markers to predict late or occult cervical metastasis in 33 patients with stage I and II oral squamous cell carcinoma who underwent partial glossectomy through the mouth without elective neck dissection. In this study, we performed fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with specimens obtained by fine-needle aspiration biopsies (FNA biopsies) of primary oral cancer material, to investigate numerical aberration of the gene. Late cervical lymph node metastasis occurred in 16 of the 33 patients (48.5%) during follow-up after treatment of the primary tumor. Factors significantly associated with the development of cervical metastasis were the mode of invasion (p = 0.009), cyclin D1 (p = 0.003) and EGFR numerical aberration (p = 0.024). The rate of disease-free survival from metastatic disease was significantly lower in patients with mode of invasion 4 C-4 D than in those with 1-3, and was significantly lower in patients with cyclin D 1 or EGFR gene numerical aberrations than in those without such aberrations (log rank test, p = 0.0064, p = 0.0016 or p = 0.0150). Our results indicate that patients with stage I - II squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity with the mode of invasion 4 C or 4 D, cyclin D 1 and EGFR gene numerical aberration should be considered a high-risk group for late cervical lymph node metastasis.
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PMID:[Prediction of occult cervical lymph node metastasis in patients with stage I -II squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity]. 1662 76

The regional metastasis has a high frequency in oral cancer and significantly influences the prognosis of this disease. It is known that some clinical features determine the incidence of regional metastasis. Accordingly, the study of these features represents an important issue in the improving the results of the treatment. The aim of our study was the evaluation of different clinical features in relation to the regional metastasis. The study group was composed by 478 patients. It was revealed that the patient's sex, age, period of tumor existence, tumor ulceration and the pre-cancer diseases doesn't influence the incidence of regional involvement. It was found that the primary tumor sizes, the pattern of growth, invasion in surrounding tissues, number of involved anatomical regions and the pain symptom are significant clinical features of regional metastasis. The statistical evaluation of received results, along with the consideration of pathology criteria will allow (in the framework of future study) to work out of individual prognosing method for development of regional metastasis in oral cancer.
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PMID:[Influence of clinical features of oral cancer on incidence of regional metastasis]. 1670 17

This study analyzed characteristics of oral cancer patients from Tehran, Iran, and their tumors. Data came from the patient records of 30 major hospitals in Tehran. Patients (n = 1042), diagnosed with invasive oral cancer in 1993-2003, were classified by primary tumor site according to ICD-10 (C00-C10). Data were analyzed separately for lip, oral cavity and salivary gland tumors. Statistical evaluation included chi and t-test. Of all cases, 59% were male. Age for all cases ranged from 6-103 years, mean age was 58.8 years (SD 16; median 62); 89% were older than 40. Tumor site breakdown was 65% oral cavity, 21% major salivary glands and 14% lip. A clear gender difference (P < 0.001) appeared regarding the primary tumor sites: women dominated in oral cavity cancers and men in lip cancers. The most common cancer site was the tongue (32%), accounting for 50% of the oral cavity cancers. Histologically, 88% of all oral cavity and lip cancers were squamous cell carcinomas, 10% of those were in age </=40, 42% in ages 41-64 and 48% >/= age 65. At the time of diagnosis, 59% of oral cavity cancers and 29% of lip cancers were at stage III or IV (P < 0.001). The results emphasize an urgent need for a national program focusing on early detection of oral cancers, including educational information addressed to oral health professionals.
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PMID:Malignant oral tumors in iran: ten-year analysis on patient and tumor characteristics of 1042 patients in Tehran. 1711 36

A novel peptide combination consisting of four synthetic neuropeptide analogs of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP), Bombesin, Substance P and Somatostatin has been found to have potent anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo. The receptors of these four neuropeptides are known to be over expressed in various cancers. We have found the presence of native neuropeptides in the culture supernatant of the primary tumor cells of human colon adenocarcinomas. It was further demonstrated by receptor-ligand assays that not only do these tumor cells synthesize and secrete four peptide hormones but also possess specific high affinity receptors on their surface. Screening a large panel of analogs to the four peptide hormones on tumor cell proliferation led to the identification of four cytotoxic analogs, the combination of which was code-named DRF7295. The design and synthesis of the peptide analogs have been described in this paper. In vitro anticancer activity of DRF7295 was studied in a large panel of human tumor cells. Gastrointestinal tumor cells of the colon, pancreas and duodenum were found to be most sensitive to DRF7295 with moderate activity seen in glioblastoma, prostate, leukemia and those of oral cancer cells. Efficacy studies in xenograft models of colon and duodenum resulted in T/C% of less than 40%, which is indicative of strong tumor regressing potential of DRF7295 in gastrointestinal cancers. Acute and long-term toxicity studies as well as safety pharmacology studies conducted indicate the safety of the drug upon systemic administration with no significant adverse pharmacological effects.
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PMID:Anticancer activity of a peptide combination in gastrointestinal cancers targeting multiple neuropeptide receptors. 1821 5


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