Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0677930 (primary tumor)
 20,210 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Colonic adenocarcinoma developed in an intravenous drug abuser with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) that was diagnosed by the presence of antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), generalized lymphadenopathy, and biopsy proven esophageal candidiasis. The colon cancer presented atypically at a young age with no known risk factors and with a bulky primary tumor and a local fistula. AIDS and AIDS risk factors have been associated with Kaposi's sarcoma, lymphomas, and anal and oropharyngeal carcinoma. This report suggests a possible association between colonic adenocarcinoma and AIDS.
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PMID:Colonic adenocarcinoma associated with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. 339 Jul 98

A 46 years old woman with lymph node metastases of a malignant melanoma, without signs of the primary tumor developed in addition to it skin lesions of a Kaposi's sarcoma. Since the risk for developing additional primary malignancies is increased in melanoma patients, each patient must be carefully evaluated not only at the time of initial diagnosis but regularly thereafter. If diagnosed early and treated properly the additional tumor should result in no significant further risk to life.
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PMID:[Malignant melanoma and Kaposi's sarcoma (author's transl)]. 722 84

Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is the most common tumor associated with HIV-1 infection and develops in nearly 30% of cases. The principal features of this tumor are abnormal vascularization and the proliferation of endothelial cells and spindle (tumor) cells. KS-derived spindle cells induce vascular lesions and display enhanced vascular permeability when inoculated subcutaneously in the nude mouse. This finding suggests that angiogenesis and capillary permeability play a central role in the development and progression of KS. In this study, we show that AIDS-KS cell lines express higher levels of vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor (VEGF/VGF) than either human umbilical vein endothelial cells or human aortic smooth muscle cells. AIDS-KS cells and primary tumor tissues also expressed high levels of Flt-1 and KDR, the receptors for VEGF, while the normal skin of the same patients did not show any expression. We further demonstrate that VEGF antisense oligonucleotides AS-1 and AS-3 specifically block VEGF mRNA and protein production and inhibit KS cell growth in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, growth of KS cells in nude mice was specifically inhibited by VEGF antisense oligonucleotides. These results show that VEGF is an autocrine growth factor for AIDS-KS cells. To our knowledge, this is the first report that shows that VEGF acts as a growth stimulator in a human tumor. Inhibitors of VEGF or its cognate receptors may thus be candidates for therapeutic intervention.
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PMID:Vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor is an autocrine growth factor for AIDS-Kaposi sarcoma. 902 68

Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), or human herpervirus 8 (HHV-8), is a gamma-herpesvirus that infects human lymphocytes and is associated with primary effusion lymphoma (PEL). Currently, the role of viral infection in the transformation of PEL cells is unknown. One possibility is that KSHV, like the lymphotropic viruses Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human T-cell leukemia virus I (HTLV-I), activates the transcription factor NF-kappaB to promote survival and proliferation of infected lymphocytes. To examine this possibility, we assessed NF-kappaB activity in KSHV-infected PEL cell lines and primary tumor specimens by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). We observed that NF-kappaB is constitutively activated in all KSHV-infected lymphomas, and consists of 2 predominant complexes, p65/p50 heterodimers and p50/p50 homodimers. Inhibition experiments demonstrated that Bay 11-7082, an irreversible inhibitor of IkappaBalpha phosphorylation, completely and specifically abrogated the NF-kappaB/DNA binding in PEL cells. PEL cells treated with Bay 11 demonstrated down-regulation of the NF-kappaB inducible cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6), and apoptosis. These results suggest that NF-kappaB activity is necessary for survival of KSHV-infected lymphoma cells, and that pharmacologic inhibition of NF-kappaB may be an effective treatment for PEL.
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PMID:Inhibition of NF-kappaB induces apoptosis of KSHV-infected primary effusion lymphoma cells. 1100 8

Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is responsive to a number of different steroid hormones, such as glucocorticoids and retinoids. An active metabolite of vitamin D, 1alpha,25 dihydroxyvitamin D(3), was used to study the effect of this steroid hormone in KS. Steroid hormones exert their effect through their cognate nuclear receptors, which for vitamin D metabolites is the vitamin D receptor (VDR). It was first shown that KS cell lines and primary tumor tissue express high levels of VDR, whereas endothelial cells had minimal expression and fibroblasts had no expression. Second, KS cell growth was inhibited by VDR agonist 1alpha,25 dihydroxyvitamin D(3) with a 50% inhibitory concentration of 5 x 10 -8 mol/L, whereas endothelial cells and fibroblast cells showed no response. Studies on the mechanism of KS tumor growth inhibition by 1alpha,25 dihydroxyvitamin D(3) showed that production of autocrine growth factors interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 was reduced in a dose-dependent manner, whereas no effect was observed on vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor. Transcription initiated at the IL-6 promoter was repressed by VDR agonist. The DNA sequences required to mediate this repression were localized to nucleotides -225/-110 in the 5'-flanking region. The antitumor activity of VDR agonists was also confirmed in KS tumor xenograft and after topical application in patients with KS. 1alpha,25 Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) and its analogs may thus be candidates for clinical development in KS.
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PMID:Kaposi sarcoma is a therapeutic target for vitamin D(3) receptor agonist. 1105 2

The aims of this analysis are to characterize the incidence and types of malignancies and tumor-specific mortality in our institution. Retransplantation, rejection episodes, and OKT3 use were evaluated. Our single-institution prospective database of 1,570 liver transplantations in 1,421 patients was analyzed. Data were statistically analyzed regarding sex, age at transplantation, time from transplantation to diagnosis of tumor, tumor type, and follow-up time. One hundred twenty-five patients (8.8%) developed de novo tumors; 69 patients were men, 56 patients were women. Seventeen patients received more than one allograft. De novo tumors were as follows: skin, 41; lymphomas, 35; lung, 11; colon, 6; anal, 2; rectal, 1; breast, 7; thyroid, 3; oropharyngeal squamous cell, 3; metastatic without primary tumor identified, 4; renal cell, 3; Kaposi's sarcoma, 1; angiosarcoma, 1; uterine, 1; ovarian, 1; pituitary, 1; pancreatic, 2; cholangiocarcinoma, 1; and esophageal, 1. These tumors developed in a statistically significant chronological sequence. Lung cancers and lymphomas showed shorter mean survival times, as well as greater mortality. OKT3 use and rejection did not show significance in tumor development. De novo tumors post-liver transplantation affected our population in a distribution similar to that of the general non-transplantation population. Intense short courses of immunosuppression for rejection were not as important as chronic immunosuppression in the development of tumors. The risk for development was not enough to preclude transplantation. We found that tumors developed in chronological fashion. Therefore, directed surveillance, patient education, and early detection may facilitate earlier treatment.
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PMID:De novo tumors after liver transplantation: a single-institution experience. 1191 May 75

The retinoids are compounds structurally related to vitamin A. The most extensively studied agents in cancer medicine include all-trans-retinoic acid, 9-cis-retinoic acid, and 13-cis-retinoic acid. In addition to several described immune regulatory functions, these agents may exert their antineoplastic effects through the regulation of tumor suppressor genes such as RAR-beta2. The survival benefit provided to patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) after induction therapy with all-trans RA and the responses experienced by patients with cutaneous lesions from Kaposi's sarcoma and cutaneous T cell lymphoma treated with 9-cis RA and a selective rexinoid--bexarotene--respectively, led to their approval by the Food and Drug Administration during the last decade. As chemopreventive agents, retinoids have proven to effectively regress laryngeal papillomatosis and oral leukoplakia lesions. The ability of 13-cis-RA to prevent second primary malignancies in patients with carcinoma of the head and neck has also been demonstrated. Unfortunately, this intervention did not affect the primary tumor recurrence rates. The toxicity and efficacy of retinoids administered in combination with other biological and cytotoxic agents have also been explored in patients with renal cell carcinoma, breast cancer, myelodysplasia, prostate, cervix, and other malignancies with a broad range of reported responses. Further characterization of the molecular processes modulated by these agents will serve to better define their role in the prevention and treatment of human cancer and to tailor specific targeted therapies in combination with other compounds. Newer and more selective retinoids and rexinoids are completing phase I and phase II studies and hold promising.
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PMID:Clinical applications of retinoids in cancer medicine. 1275 24

Cardiac tumors, benign or malignant, are rare and most are benign. The most common benign tumor is the cardiac myxoma. Malignant cardiac tumors are usually sarcomas. The pericardium can be the site of benign and malignant cardiac tumors, though metastatic tumors occur here far more commonly than do primary tumors. Successful treatment for benign cardiac tumors is usually achieved by surgical resection. Surgery for primary malignant tumors is, however, much less successful as complete resection is usually not possible. Primary cardiac lymphoma may be successfully treated by chemotherapy. Tumors that metastasize to the heart from other organs occur 100- to 1000-fold more commonly than primary cardiac tumors. Metastatic spread to the heart has been identified in approximately one-fifth of all patients who have metastatic cancer with lung carcinoma being the most common primary tumor. Symptoms of cardiac metastases vary, and they depend on the site and extent of the lesions. Treatment varies depending on the pathology of the primary tumor. However, the aim of treatment is usually symptomatic relief. With the advent of AIDS, Kaposi's sarcoma and high grade B cell lymphomas have also been identified in cardiac tissue. The aim of this article is to review the epidemiology, clinical presentation, pathology and treatment of cardiac tumors.
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PMID:Cancer of the heart: epidemiology and management of primary tumors and metastases. 1472 61

The frequency of membranous lupus nephritis recurrence (World Health Organization (WHO) class V) in the allograft after renal transplantation is unknown, but it appears uncommon (only two reported cases in the literature). Despite the increased incidence of sarcomas in organ transplant recipients (compared to the general population), non-Kaposi's sarcoma is an uncommon malignancy, and primary tumor involvement of a renal allograft is a rare occurrence. Our patient is a 28 year old female with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) secondary to membranous lupus nephritis who received a living related transplant from her mother. At 26 months post-transplant, she presented with proteinuria and a rise in creatinine (Cr). Allograft biopsy was consistent with recurrent membranous nephropathy. Five weeks later, she was found to have a high-grade leiomyosarcoma originating within the allograft. We reviewed the literature on recurrent post-transplant membranous nephropathy and the possible role of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in smooth muscle tumors occurring in organ transplant recipients. We also considered the association of membranous nephropathy and malignancy.
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PMID:Recurrent membranous nephropathy and leiomyosarcoma in the renal allograft of a lupus patient. 1515 Dec 71

Sarcomas comprise a heterogeneous group of mesenchymal neoplasms. They can be grouped into 2 general categories, soft tissue sarcoma and primary bone sarcoma, which have different staging and treatment approaches. This review includes a discussion of both soft tissue sarcomas (malignant fibrous histiocytoma, liposarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, synovial sarcoma, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, angiosarcoma, Kaposi sarcoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, aggressive fibromatosis or desmoid tumor, rhabdomyosarcoma, and primary alveolar soft-part sarcoma) and primary bone sarcomas (osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, giant cell tumor, and chondrosarcoma). The 3 most important prognostic variables are grade, size, and location of the primary tumor. The approach to a patient with a sarcoma begins with a biopsy that obtains adequate tissue for diagnosis without interfering with subsequent optimal definitive surgery. Subsequent treatment depends on the specific type of sarcoma. Because sarcomas are relatively uncommon yet comprise a wide variety of different entities, evaluation by oncology teams who have expertise in the field is recommended. Treatment and follow-up guidelines have been published by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (www.nccn.org).
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PMID:Sarcoma. 1797 62


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