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Query: UMLS:C0600139 (Prostate Cancer)
 4,540 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for cytokeratins are potent probes for the identification of disseminated individual epithelial tumour cells in mesenchymal organs such as bone marrow. We have used a monoclonal antibody (mAB) against cytokeratin 18 (CK18) for the detection of individual metastatic tumour cells in bone marrow aspirates from 84 patients with carcinoma of the prostate. CK18+ cells were detected in a sensitivity of 1 per 8 x 10(5) marrow cells using the alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) system for staining. We were able to detect CK18+ tumour cells in the marrow of 33% of patients with stage N0M0 prostate cancers. The incidence of CK18+ cells showed a significant correlation with established risk factors, such as local tumour extent, distant metastases and tumour differentiation. For further characterization of such cells in patients with prostate cancer, we developed an immunocytochemical procedure for simultaneous labelling of cytokeratin component no. 18 (CK18) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA). In a first step, cells were incubated with a murine mAb against PSA, followed by gold-conjugated goat anti-mouse antibodies. In a second step, a biotinylated mAb to CK18 was applied as primary antibody and subsequently incubated with complexes of streptavidin-conjugated alkaline phosphatase, which were developed with Newfuchsin substrate. The binding of gold-labelled antibodies was visualized by silver enhancement. CK18+ cells co-expressing PSA were found in bone marrow aspirates from 5 out of 14 patients with carcinomas of the prostate. The specificity of CK18 for epithelial tumour cells in bone marrow was supported by negative staining of 12 control aspirates from patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Immunocytochemical detection and phenotypic characterization of micrometastatic tumour cells in bone marrow of patients with prostate cancer. 752 Oct 88

Monoclonal antibodies specific for protein markers of smooth muscle and nonmuscle cell differentiation were applied to cryosections of normal, hyperplastic, and neoplastic human prostate specimens in order to determine whether differences in the distribution of target antigens could be detected among the various tissues. Immunofluorescence assays showed that vimentin, desmin, smooth-muscle-type alpha-actin, and both smooth muscle and nonmuscle myosin heavy chains do not change their patterns of labeling in the stromas of normal, BPH, and carcinomatous prostates. By contrast, cytokeratin 18, a differentiation marker of simple epithelia, and to a lesser extent cytokeratin 8, was consistently found in stromal tissue of the "transition zone", but only scarcely in the stroma of the "peripheral zone" from normal prostate, and was completely unexpressed in benign hyperplasia. Prostatic carcinoma from the "peripheral zone" expressed this cytoskeletal component only in trace amounts. Moreover, in prostate showing coexistence of hyperplasia and neoplasia (in the "peripheral zone"), the stroma of BPH closely resembled the stroma surrounding the carcinoma; that is, it was completely unreactive with the anti-cytokeratin 18 antibody. Expression of cytokeratins in extraepithelial tissues has been previously correlated with the achievement of a proliferative state, notably in embryogenesis, in tissue regeneration, and in various pathological forms of proliferation and growth, including some tumors of mesenchymal origin. Our results indicate the following: (1) cells in the stromal tissue of normal prostate are of smooth muscle type and are heterogeneous as concerns cytokeratin distribution; (2) we show, for the first time, the existence of a marker that is differentially distributed in the "transition" versus "peripheral" zone; (3) the expression of cytokeratins in the stroma is lost with the development of hyperplasia and only partially recovers with neoplasia; (4) the pattern of stromal tissue, concerning cytokeratin 18 expression, does not change with different BPH locations ("transition" versus "peripheral" zone); and (5) contrary to expectations, cytokeratin 18 expression disappears in conditions presumably involving stromal cell proliferation.
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PMID:Cytoskeletal and cytocontractile protein composition of stromal tissue in normal, hyperplastic, and neoplastic human prostate. An immunocytochemical study with monoclonal antibodies. 865 5

Primary prostatic duct adenocarcinoma, initially labeled as endometrioid carcinoma of the prostate, is a rare neoplasm that displays exophytic growth into the prostatic urethra with involvement of prostatic ducts. Because this tumour arises from preexisting epithelia, there is a possibility that a remnant basal epithelium may be seen in association with these tumours. If this hypothesis is correct, then prostatic duct adenocarcinoma may possibly be mistaken for high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) on needle biopsies. The distribution of basal cells in this tumour has not been described previously. Nine cases of prostatic duct adenocarcinoma and prostatic adenocarcinoma with focal ductal differentiation were studied immunohistochemically with antibodies specifying cytokeratin 34 beta E12, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP). All cases were positive for PSA and PAP. In some areas of the tumour in eight cases there was a continuous and discontinuous layer of basal cells surrounding islands of carcinoma. This was found with cribriform, comedo, solid, and papillary components of ductal type adenocarcinoma. It is necessary to be aware of the presence of basal cells in association with primary prostatic duct adenocarcinoma. Differentiation of high-grade PIN from this lesion should depend on complex architectural characteristics and Cytologic features rather than presence of a basal cell layer. This finding confirms that the solid, cribriform, papillary, and comedo components initially grow intraluminally within ducts before invasion into surrounding stroma occurs.
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PMID:Distribution pattern of basal cells detected by cytokeratin 34 beta E12 in primary prostatic duct adenocarcinoma. 913 Sep 90

Small acinar lesions of the prostate may mimic prostate cancer. In the central and transition zone of the prostate, atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) must be differentiated from low grade carcinoma (Gleason score 2-5). In the dorso-peripheral zone, high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and atypical small acinar proliferations (ASAP) are the most important lesions mimicking carcinoma. Further differentiation is necessary between high grade PIN and intraductal carcinoma. ASAP, on the other hand, may mimic low grade carcinoma. The significance of basal cell type cytokeratin immunohistochemistry (IHC) in the differentiation between ASAP and low grade carcinoma of the prostate was substantiated by additional MIB-1 IHC. The status of the basal cell layer in ASAP was found to be variable (complete, fragmented and absent). Independent of the status of the basal cell layer, the mean MIB-1 proliferation index of ASAP was significantly higher than that of clearly benign lesions and did not differ from that of low grade carcinoma. As carcinoma is frequently detected in rebiopsies, close clinical follow up of patients with ASAP is advisable.
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PMID:Atypical acinar proliferations of the prostate. 1063 13

A variety of small acinar lesions of the prostate may mimick prostate cancer. In the central and transition zone of the prostate atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) has to be differentiated from low grade carcinoma (Gleason score 2-6). In the dorso-peripheral zone high grade PIN (prostatic intraepithelial neoplasie) and ASAP (atypical small acinar proliferations) represent the most important mimicers of carcinoma. High grade PIN has to be differentiated from intraductal carcinoma, ASAP on the other hand may mimic low grade carcinoma. The significance of basal cell type cytokeratin immunhistochemistry (IHC) in the differentiation between ASAP and low grade carcinoma of the prostate is assessed by additional MIB-1 IHC. The status of the basal cell layer in ASAP was shown to be variable (complete, fragmented and partial loss). Independently from the status of the basal cell layer the mean MIB-1 proliferation index of ASAP was significantly higher than of clearly benign lesions and did not differ from that of low grade carcinoma. Taking into account the high detection rate of carcinoma in repeat biopsies, close clinical follow up of patients with ASAP should be recommended.
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PMID:[Suspicious acinar proliferations of the prostate]. 1071 7

The ability to manipulate gene expression in specific cell types at specific times utilizing transgenic technology has allowed the development of novel mouse model systems that can mimic human disease. We have previously established the Transgenic Adenocarcinoma of Mouse Prostate (TRAMP) model for prostate cancer using the rat probasin promoter to direct expression of the SV40 early genes to prostate epithelium. Male TRAMP mice exhibit consistent prostate-specific patterns of expression and develop prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia that will become invasive and metastasize primarily to the lymph nodes and lungs. In this paper we report our continued experience with this model and present a standardized histologic grading system to designate low and high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and well, moderate, and poorly differentiated prostate adenocarcinoma. In addition, we demonstrate the persistence of androgen receptor expression during pathologic progression and characterize heterogeneous cytokeratin expression in localized and metastatic prostate cancer. Finally, we report on our observations that phenotypic variability in tumor and pathologic progression in TRAMP occurs as a function of genetic background.
Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 1999 Mar
PMID:Pathologic progression of autochthonous prostate cancer in the TRAMP model. 1249 41

High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) is commonly encountered on prostate needle biopsies and, based on epidemiologic, molecular, and animal models, has proven to be the most significant risk factor for prostate cancer and likely represents the premalignant phase of prostatic adenocarcinoma. This lesion is characterized by cellular proliferations within pre-existing ducts and glands, with nuclear and nucleolar enlargement similar to prostate cancer. However, unlike cancer, HGPIN retains a basal cell layer identifiable by immunohistochemistry with the basal cell-specific antibody cytokeratin 34bE12. The incidence of HGPIN identified in needle biopsies is as high as 25%, increases with age, and coexists with prostate cancer in approximately 85% of cases. There appears to be no causal relationship between HGPIN and serum prostate-specific antigen (total, percent free, or density) or radiographic characteristics on transrectal ultrasound. In a large series, the identification of HGPIN on initial needle biopsy is associated with about a 35% risk of prostate cancer on subsequent biopsies. Thus, the finding of HGPIN on prostate needle biopsy necessitates a second biopsy in a patient eligible for curative treatment. As a precursor lesion, HGPIN is currently a target for chemopreventive strategies, including antiandrogens and nutritional supplementation.
Clin Prostate Cancer 2004 Jun
PMID:Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia: an update. 1527 87

We measured the histologic stromal and epithelial tissue components of the benign (normal) and malignant tissue compartments of Japanese-Americans (J-A) and native Japanese (NJ) men living in Japan. The patient cohort included 25 NJ men undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP) in Nagoya, Japan and 25 J-A (second or third generation US born). We conducted tissue image quantitation (in-house image software) of the stromal and epithelial compartments in malignant and adjacent normal tissue areas from a tissue microarray (TMA) selected from radical prostatectomy (RP) blocks. Stromal-epithelial (S-E) areas were determined using immunohistochemical stains for CAM-5.2 epithelial cytokeratin marker and the Masson trichrome stain to measure the stroma component. We observed differences in the volumes of normal and cancer epithelium and stroma within both the J-A and NJ study populations (P<0.01). Only the individual average cancer epithelium (CE) volume (JA=24.1 vs NJ=29.9) differed significantly between the NJ and J-A study populations (P=0.03). Consequently, the S-E ratio in NJ group was significantly different from that of J-A population (P=0.05). The decrease in S-E ratio noted in the malignant tissues of NJ prostate tissue may provide a biological marker for differentiation of the two groups and suggests a need for further investigations into the molecular basis for these histologic differences.
Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2004
PMID:Stromal-epithelial measurements of prostate cancer in native Japanese and Japanese-American men. 1530 20

Adenosquamous carcinoma of the prostate is an unusual histological variant of prostate cancer. The histogenesis of this tumor remains uncertain. The stimulus for the development of the squamous metaplastic cells had been thought to be related to hormone and/or radiation therapy. This report presents a case of adenosquamous carcinoma of the prostate with abscence of previous hormone or radiation therapy. The case showed negative prostate-specific antigen and high molecular weight cytokeratin staining of the adenocarcinoma component, and negative prostate-specific antigen and positive high molecular weight cytokeratin staining of the squamous cell carcinoma component. The adenocarcinoma component stained intraluminally with periodic acid schiff. The staining features and the distinct localizations of the components with intermingling, but no transition, are against the collision-type tumor theory and support the theory that the adenocarcinoma and squamous components arise de novo from pluripotent stem cells. The patient had a rapid downhill clinical course and died 3 weeks after the diagnosis was made.
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PMID:Adenosquamous carcinoma of the prostate. 1582 65

Foamy gland carcinoma is a variant of adenocarcinoma of the prostate that typically is assigned a Gleason score 3+3=6. The morphologic features of high foamy gland carcinoma have not been previously studied. We analyzed 55 cases of high-grade (Gleason score 7 or greater) foamy gland carcinoma of the prostate in needle biopsy (n=49) or transurethral resection (n=6) specimens. The number of cores involved by high-grade foamy gland carcinoma ranged from 1 to 12, with more than 1 core involved in 61% of cases (mean 3.4 cores). On average, 84% of the total tumor volume was foamy gland carcinoma, with high-grade foamy gland cancer averaging 73% of the total foamy gland carcinoma. The following results pertain only to the high-grade foamy gland cancer component. The most common architectural pattern was cribriform (73%), followed by fused/poorly defined glands (55%), cords/single cells (11%), and solid sheets (5%). Nuclear enlargement was observed in 45 of the 55 studied cases (82%). Prominent nucleoli were either absent or infrequent in 38 cases (69%). Frequent to numerous prominent nucleoli were seen more frequently in foamy gland carcinoma with Gleason score 8 or above (52%) than those with Gleason score 7 (16%) (P<0.004). Mitotic figures were observed in 22 cases (40%), and present in 65% of the cases with Gleason score 8 or above, but only in 22% of the cases with Gleason score 7 (P<0.002). In 31 cases (56%), intraluminal dense pink secretions were identified. Perineural invasion and extraprostatic extension identified on the biopsy specimens were noted in 18 cases (33%) and in 5 cases (9%), respectively. In 18 cases (33%), there was at least a moderate stromal reaction. A moderate or greater stromal reaction was seen in 48% (11/23) of the cases with Gleason score 8 or above compared with 22% (7/32) of the cases with Gleason score 7 (P=0.04). In 6 cases, there was a peculiar extensive desmoplastic reaction almost obscuring the carcinoma component, 5 of which were Gleason scores 4+4=8. Concurrent ordinary acinar nonfoamy adenocarcinoma was encountered in 26 of 55 cases (47%) with the following Gleason scores: Gleason 6 (27%); Gleason 7 (27%); and Gleason 8 to 10 (46%). Associated ordinary high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and foamy gland variant of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia/intraductal adenocarcinoma were seen in 13 cases (24%) and 11 cases (20%), respectively. Of the 19 cases with available immunohistochemical stains for high molecular weight cytokeratin, 7 (37%) showed nonspecific labeling of cancer cells in a nonbasal cell pattern. A similar finding was seen in 1 of the 7 (14%) cases with available stains for p63. Alpha-methyl-CoA racemase positivity was noted in all 9 cases stained. In summary, uncommonly foamy gland carcinoma consists of cribriform, fused/poorly formed glands, cords/single cells, and solid sheets typical of Gleason patterns 4 and 5. High-grade foamy gland cancer shares certain morphologic features with more typical lower-grade foamy gland cancer including relatively bland nuclei with more difficult to identify nucleoli and frequent intraluminal dense pink secretions. However, consistent with their higher architectural grade, high-grade foamy gland cancers had more prominent nucleoli and increased mitotic figures compared with lower-grade foamy gland cancer. A unique subset of high-grade foamy gland carcinoma poses particularly difficult diagnostic challenges, with scattered, scant, relatively bland foamy glands imbedded in an extensive densely sclerotic desmoplastic stroma.
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PMID:High-grade foamy gland prostatic adenocarcinoma on biopsy or transurethral resection: a morphologic study of 55 cases. 1903 62


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