Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0600097 (Sedation)
 1,337 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The bioavailability of sodium salicylamide (NaSAM) in solution of salicylamide (SAM) tablets was compared in 6 healthy human volunteers. Bioavailability was assessed by plasma level determinations of nonmetabolized salicylamide (free SAM) and salicylamide plus conjugated metabolites (total SAM) for 3 hr following oral doses of 0.65, 1.30, 1.95, and 2.60 gm of salicylamide. The availability of NaSAM was found to be superior to SAM and dose-dependent. Mean peak levels of free SAM and total SAM were higher and were reached earlier after NaSAM liquid than after SAM tablets. Significantly higher mean levels of free SAM were found at the 1.95 and 2.60 gm dose levels after NaSAM administration than after SAM. Mean total SAM concentration was significantly higher after NaSAM at all dosage levels. The sedative effects of salicylamide were assessed with a self-scoring questionnaire. Sedation seemed to increase with increasing dose of both NaSAM and SAM. The sedative response occurred earlier after NaSAM than after SAM. Side effects were minor and transient in nature, occurred at the higher dosage levels, and were predominantly lightheadedness and dizziness. Because NaSAM produces higher drug levels and has a more rapid onset of subjective effects, we conclude that it represents a potentially superior dosage form.
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PMID:Sodium salicylamide: relative bioavailability and subjective effects. 126 96

We report the case of a 32-year-old multipara who presented preeclampsia on the fourth day after childbirth without receiving proper treatment that progressed to eclampsia 4 days later. Pregnancy and delivery had been uneventful. The patient presented proteinuria (30 mg/dl), serum total proteins 5.3 g/dl and serum albumin 3.3 g/dl. Blood pressure was controlled with methyldopa, 500 mg at six-hour intervals by intravenous route. The patient presented hypoxemia secondary to bilateral pleural effusion and aspirative pneumonia requiring mechanical ventilation and invasive hemodynamic monitoring. Treatment with cefotaxime, 1 g at six-hour intervals by intravenous route and clindamycin, 600 mg at six-hour intervals by intravenous route was initiated. Sedation was maintained with thiopental sodium, 3 mg/kg/hour in continuous infusion. At dismission, the patient was completely recovered from her clinical picture and needed no antihypertensive therapy. Physiopathologic features and the aforementioned complications are discussed with particular reference to differential diagnosis.
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PMID:[Late postpartum eclampsia. Apropos of a case]. 233 15

The efficacy of secobarbital sodium plus chlorpromazine (SC) in the prevention of cisplatin induced emesis was compared to the combination of metoclopramide, diphenhydramine, and dexamethasone (MDD). Twenty-three patients were entered onto protocol. Eighteen were evaluable. Good to excellent antiemetic prophylaxis was obtained in 72% with MDD versus 17% with SC (P less than 0.01). Sedation and anticholinergic side effects were more common with SC. Extrapyramidal reactions were more commonly seen with MDD. Significantly more patients preferred the combination of metoclopramide, diphenhydramine, and dexamethasone (P less than 0.05).
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PMID:The antiemetic efficacy of secobarbital and chlorpromazine compared to metoclopramide, diphenhydramine, and dexamethasone. A randomized trial. 352 43

1 Ketotifen (HC 20-511 Sandoz) 1 mg twice daily for 12 weeks was found to be equivalent to sodium cromoglycate (SCG) 20 mg four times daily for 12 weeks in 35 skin test positive asthmatic patients in a randomised double-blind cross-over study. 2 No statistically significant difference between the two drugs in mean values for daily peak flow rates, diary card scores and spirometry at monthly visits was demonstrated. 3 Treatment failures as judged by severe asthma requiring withdrawal from the trial or addition of short courses of prednisone occurred in three patients on each drug. 4 Sedation was noted by 10 patients onHC 20-511 and 5 on SCG. 5 Weight loss was noted in those patients on SCG, but not those on HC 20-511.
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PMID:A comparison of the efficacy of ketotifen (HC 20-511) with sodium cromoglycate (SCG) in skin test positive asthma. 610 29

The present study is one of in vivo 99mTc-DTPA renography, successively involving conscious healthy dogs under acepromazine maleate sedation and dogs under the narcotic sodium thiopental. It was found that during the running of the renogram the animal had to be kept completely immobile and that constant infusion narcosis with sodium thiopental produced this immobility without affecting the renograms unduly. However administration of a thiopental bolus did have an adverse effect on the renogram. Sedation with acepromazine maleate significantly increased the time to peak and the excretion phase as presented by the slope. These effects are thought to be due to a decreased blood pressure with concomitant renal bloodpooling and retarded bloodflow. The radioisotope renogram appears to hold great promise for both clinical and research applications. The equipment required for this application however, is so costly that it would only be financially feasible for major centres.
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PMID:The feasibility of a renogram study in dogs with radiopharmaceutical 99mTc-DTPA. 676 31

The sedative effects of rectal thiopental sodium and an intramuscular cocktail of meperidine hydrochloride, chlorpromazine hydrochloride and promethazine hydrochloride were compared in 72 pediatric patients undergoing computerized tomography (CT). Pediatric patients scheduled were randomly assigned to receive either the i.m. cocktail (2.0 mg/kg of meperidine, 1.0 mg/kg of both chlorpromazine and promethazine) or 25--45 mg/kg of thiopental rectally before scanning. Side effects, and onset, duration and depth of sedation were recorded by 14 unblinded investigators. Clarity of CT scans was rated by two blinded radiologists. Additional doses of sedatives were administered as necessary. Sedation was not achieved in 3% of the thiopental group or in 14+ of the i.m. cocktail group. Additional sedatives were required by eight patients in the thiopental group and by five patients in the cocktail group. The mean time for onset of sedation was 8 minutes with thiopental and 18 minutes with the cocktail. The mean duration of sedation was 7 hours for the cocktail group and 2.75 hours for the 25-mg/kg rectal thiopental group. All scans were diagnostic (acceptable) in the rectal thiopental group, but 14% of those in the i.m. cocktail group were nondiagnostic. Rectal thiopental is an effective alternative to an i.m. cocktail for sedating children before CT scans and may reduce the number of nondiagnostic scans.
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PMID:Rectal thiopental versus an intramuscular cocktail for sedating children before computerized tomography. 736 94

During recent years there has been increasing interest in the measurement of tidal breathing parameters, such as the time to reach peak tidal expiratory flow as a proportion of total expiratory time (TPTEF:TE), and their application to population-based studies of the determinants of early respiratory morbidity. However, little is known about factors influencing the within and between-subject variability of these parameters. This study examines the influence of sedation on TPTEF:TE, estimates the optimal number of breaths and breath epochs required to measure TPTEF:TE, and assesses short-term repeatability of this parameter during the first year of life, taking account of age-related differences. Measurements were made in 266 healthy infants and young children (1 d to 19 mo old). Mean (SD) TPTEF:TE fell from 0.49 (0.11) in the first 2 wk of life to 0.34 (0.09) by 5 to 8 wk, remaining similar thereafter. Sedation with triclofos sodium (75 mg/kg) had no significant effect on TPTEF:TE, which was 0.33 (0.10) in 23 unsedated 6-wk-old infants and 0.32 (0.08) in 49 sedated infants of similar age and weight (95% CI for the difference: -0.05, 0.04). At least 10 breaths in each of two separate epochs from each infant were required to provide a representative estimate of TPTEF:TE. The mean (SD) difference between repeat measurements made 5 to 108 min apart was 0.02 (0.08) in 34 infants younger than 6 wk of age (95% limits of agreement: -0.15, 0.18) and -0.01 (0.04) (95% limits of agreement -0.09, 0.08) in 30 infants 6 wk and older.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Analysis of tidal breathing parameters in infancy: how variable is TPTEF:TE? 795 63

A 32-year-old man sustained a severe head injury in a road traffic accident. On admission, he was in deep coma (6 on the Glasgow coma scale). The aortic knuckle was difficult to identify on a plain chest film. Twenty hours after admission, the aortic knuckle had completely disappeared and the mediastinal shadow had become enlarged. The diagnosis of a ruptured aortic isthmus was confirmed by angiography. Surgical repair of this lesion may be carried out either with simple aortic cross-clamping, or by using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Either technique may worsen other injuries, especially head injury, by initiating severe arterial hypertension or coagulation disturbances. In this patient, the technique chosen was aortic cross-clamping with permanent monitoring of the intracranial and cerebral perfusion pressures. Anaesthesia was obtained with 5 mg.kg-1 of thiopentone, 30 mg.kg-1 x h-1 of sodium gamma hydroxybutyrate and 8 micrograms.kg-1 x h-1 of fentanyl. Surgery lasted for 90 min, with 33 min of aortic clamping. The increase in arterial blood pressure was controlled with 0.25 mg.kg-1 x h-1 of thiopentone and nicardipine which was stopped 8 min before unclamping. The postoperative course was uneventful. Sedation was stopped after 8 days, and the patient regained consciousness two days later. These remained a paraplegia with no sensory deficit, which had totally receded 15 months later. Carrying out this emergency surgery without CPB means that the intracranial pressure must imperatively be monitored during surgery. Any intracranial hypertension should delay the surgery.
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PMID:[Traumatic rupture of the aortic isthmus in a patient with severe head injury]. 833 63

The pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic interaction between valproate and lorazepam was evaluated in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. Sixteen healthy male volunteers enrolled in the study to receive either divalproex sodium (500 mg every 12 hours) or matching placebo for 12 days in the first period, and then to receive the other regimen for an identical second 12-day period. In both periods, lorazepam (1 mg every 12 hours) was administered on days 6 through 9 and on the morning of day 10. Concomitant administration of divalproex sodium with lorazepam resulted in an 8%, 20%, and 31% increase in steady-state maximum plasma concentration, area under the concentration-time curve, and trough plasma concentrations of lorazepam, respectively. The apparent clearance of lorazepam through the formation of lorazepam glucuronide was reduced by 31% during coadministration of divalproex sodium. Pharmacokinetic properties of valproate did not change significantly in the ten available participants during coadministration of lorazepam. Sedation scales revealed no statistically significant differences in sedation between the two regimens. It is concluded that valproate increases plasma concentrations and reduces clearance of lorazepam, most likely by impairing hepatic glucuronidation, and that coadministration of lorazepam does not affect the steady-state pharmacokinetic properties of valproate.
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PMID:Effect of valproate on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of lorazepam. 915 77

The appropriate anesthesia for renal transplantation (RT) requires minimal toxicity for patient and transplant besides of sufficient pain relief and correction of vital functions. Since 1990 for this reason prolonged epidural anesthesia (PEA) was used for 42 RT. The catheterization of epidural space was performed on the spine level Th9-Th12. Lidocaine and Bupivacaine solutions were used for epidural block. Sedation during the operation was performed only with low doses of Diazepam and Sodium Oxybutyrate. After the operation epidural catheters were used for pain relief during 2-5 postoperative days. Less cardiodepressive effect, stable intraoperative hemodynamics and absence of serious post-operative pulmonary complications were observed in patients operated under PEA. Also less toxic action of PEA for recipient as well as for renal allograft was marked. Obtained results show that PEA might be the preferable method for RT due to its lower toxicity, significantly less number of postoperative complications.
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PMID:Renal transplantation--choice of anesthesia. 1279 Aug 18


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