Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0599766 (functional recovery)
 13,441 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Although many compounds are purported to cause olfactory dysfunction, little experimental research has been done in this area. The nasal epithelium, being one of the first "wet tissues" to come into contact with airborne compounds, should be a good indicator of toxic insult. The same general procedures used to measure visual or auditory function can be applied to the olfactory system, although olfactory stimuli are much more difficult to generate and control. Cadmium exposure, which is frequently cited as causing olfactory dysfunction in humans, did not produce anosmia (loss of smell) in rats, even though there was a large increase in cadmium levels in their olfactory bulbs. Rats exposed to methyl bromide showed a severe disruption in olfactory function as well as in morphology and neurochemical indices. However, functional recovery occurred even in the presence of continuing morphological and neurochemical evidence of damage. A nonsensory function of the olfactory system, transneuronal transport via the primary sensory neurons, may represent a mechanism of entry into the central nervous system for compounds that are normally excluded by the blood-brain barrier.
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PMID:Sensory neurotoxicology: use of the olfactory system in the assessment of toxicity. 224 32

The effects of acute inhalation exposure to methyl bromide (MeBr) on the olfactory epithelium of male F-344 rats was investigated by morphologic examination of animals killed at varying timepoints during and following exposure to 200 ppm MeBr 6 hr/day for 5 days. Cell replication rate and histopathology were used to assess the kinetics of repair. In addition, olfactory function, using the buried food pellet test, was assessed and the result compared with morphological recovery. Extensive destruction of the olfactory epithelium was evident in animals killed directly after a single 6-hr exposure to MeBr. Histologic features of these lesions indicate that the primary, or most severe, effect of MeBr exposure was on the sustentacular cells and mature sensory cells; basal cells were generally unaffected. By Day 3, despite continued exposure, there was replacement of the olfactory epithelium by a squamous cell layer that increased in thickness and basophilic cytoplasmic staining over the next 2 days of exposure. One week postexposure, the epithelial region was covered by a layer of polyhedral, basophilic cells, and from 2 to 10 weeks postexposure, the epithelium exhibited progressive reorganization to reform the original olfactory epithelium pattern. By Week 10, 75-80% of the olfactory epithelium appeared morphologically normal. Cell replication showed a single peak of olfactory epithelial cell proliferation at Day 3 of exposure, with a labeling index of 14.5% compared to 0.7% in controls. Cell replication rates returned gradually to control levels by Week 10 postexposure. Behavioral tests of olfactory function in animals after a single 6-hr exposure to 200 ppm MeBr demonstrated a loss of the sense of smell, with recovery of this function by Day 6. Exposure to 90 ppm caused no observable effect on olfactory function or morphology. These findings demonstrate that the olfactory mucosa is highly sensitive to the toxic effects of MeBr and that olfactory epithelial cell proliferation, and possible regeneration, begins and occurs rapidly even in the face of continued exposure. Cell replication was most prominent in the layer of basal cells adjacent to the basal lamina, supporting proposals by other workers that the progenitors of both sustentacular cells and neurons reside in this location. Of interest is the fact that functional recovery occurs prior to complete morphological reorganization, indicating the shortcoming of utilizing olfactory morphology as an index of functional integrity.
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PMID:Degeneration and regeneration of the olfactory epithelium following inhalation exposure to methyl bromide: pathology, cell kinetics, and olfactory function. 245 65

Following lateral hypothalamic (LH) lesions rats pretreated with propantheline bromide, a peripherally-acting antimuscarinic, ate significantly sooner and at higher body weights than saline pretreated controls. The present results could not readily be accounted for by the widely held explanations of an alteration in body weight-set point, or the occurrence of denervation supersensitivity or regeneration of damaged neural processes. Therefore, it is suggested that propantheline most likely facilitated functional recovery of ingestive behaviors by acting as a prophylaxis against the viscero-metabolic disorders typically induced by LH damage.
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PMID:Facilitation of recovery by propantheline bromide after lateral hypothalamic damage. 742 53

Transplantation using fetal nigral grafts has been performed by various groups worldwide in over 200 Parkinson's disease (PD) patients in an attempt to restore dopaminergic (DA) input to the striatum. However, the proportion of the implanted DA neurons that survives, whether using suspension, partially dissociated, or solid grafts, is small, often as low as 5 to 10%, which is insufficient to allow a full functional recovery. A significant proportion of the transplanted neurons in animal models of PD has been shown to die via apoptosis, but the reason for this is unclear. Since the methods used to prepare donor tissue for neural transplantation and in vitro culture are identical, we have looked at the time course of DA neuron loss following cell suspension preparation using an in vitro assay system and considered whether the procedures used may, in part, be responsible for the poor DA neuron survival. Primary dissociated cultures of E14 rat ventral mesencephala were incubated for different periods in serum-containing and serum-free media. After fixation, the TUNEL method, as well as ethidium bromide and acridine orange, were used to detect apoptosis, and DA neurons were localized immunocytochemically. Results showed that most apoptosis occurred during the first 24 h and that 50% of the DA neurons were lost in the first 8 h. Double-immunofluorescent labeling confirmed the presence of TUNEL+ve nuclei within DA neurons. There was no difference in either the extent or rate of loss between the serum-containing and serum-free medium during the first 32 h. We suggest, therefore, that existing methods used to prepare cell suspensions probably induce apoptosis and may need to be modified in order to increase the survival of DA neurons.
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PMID:Apoptosis in primary cultures of E14 rat ventral mesencephala: time course of dopaminergic cell death and implications for neural transplantation. 1063 Jan 93

Transected CNS axons do not regenerate spontaneously but may do so if given an appropriate environment through which to grow. Since molecules associated with CNS macroglia are thought to be inhibitory to axon regeneration, we have tested the hypothesis that removing these cell types from an area of brain will leave an environment more permissive for axon regeneration. Adult rats received unilateral knife cuts of the nigrostriatal tract and ethidium bromide (EB) was used to create a lesion devoid of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, intact myelin sheaths, and NG2 immunoreactive cells from the site of the knife cut to the ipsilateral striatum (a distance of 6 mm). The regenerative response and the EB lesion environment was examined with immunostaining and electron microscopy at different timepoints following surgery. We report that large numbers of dopaminergic nigral axons regenerated for over 4 mm through EB lesions. At 4 days postlesion dopaminergic sprouting was maximal and the axon growth front had reached the striatum, but there was no additional growth into the striatum after 7 days. Regenerating axons did not leave the EB lesion to form terminals in the striatum, there was no recovery of function, and the end of axon growth correlated with increasing glial immunoreactivity around the EB lesion. We conclude that the removal of CNS glia promotes robust axon regeneration but that this becomes limited by the reappearance of nonpermissive CNS glia. These results suggest, first, that control of the glial reaction is likely to be an important feature in brain repair and, second, that reports of axon regeneration must be interpreted with caution since extensive regeneration can occur simply as a result of a major glia-depleting lesion, rather than as the result of some other specific intervention.
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PMID:Robust regeneration of CNS axons through a track depleted of CNS glia. 1068 73

Pralidoxime chloride (pyridine-2-aldoxime methochloride; Protopam Chloride) and 1,1'-trimethylenebis(4-hydroxyiminomethylpyridinium bromide) (TMB-4) antagonize the spasm of the isolated or intact small intestine of the rabbit caused by the anticholinesterase, echothiophate iodide (S-2-dimethylaminoethyl OO-diethyl phosphorothiolate methiodide; Phospholine Iodide). In vitro, both oximes also antagonize the spasm caused by acetylcholine. The quantitative relationships have been studied in comparison with the activity of atropine against echothiophate and acetylcholine. Echothiophate-treated intestine which is subjected to a concentration of oxime sufficient to cause 100% restoration of function (but not cholinesterase reactivation) will go back into spasm on washing out both drugs. Strips treated with a high concentration of oxime, sufficient to cause 100% reactivation of cholinesterase, exhibit normal control tone and motility after washing. It is concluded that pralidoxime and 1,1'-trimethylenebis(4-hydroxyiminomethylpyridinium bromide) have an anticholinergic action as well as the ability to reactivate cholinesterase and that this action plays a significant part in the initial recovery of function under the conditions of these experiments.
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PMID:Mechanism of the antagonism by pralidoxime and 1,1-trimethylenebis(4-hydroxyiminomethylpyridinium) of the action of echothiphate on the intestine. 1446 53

Lesions of the olfactory periphery provide a means for examining the reconstitution of a diverse and highly regulated population of sensory neurons and the growth, en masse, of nascent axons to the bulb. The olfactory epithelium and its projection onto the bulb are reconstituted after ablation by methyl bromide gas, and some measure of olfactory function is restored. The extent to which the system regenerates the full repertoire of odorant receptor-expressing neurons, particularly their spatially restricted distribution across the epithelial sheet, is unknown, however, and altered odorant receptor expression might contribute to the persistent distortion of odorant quality that is observed in the lesioned-recovered animals. To address the question of receptor expression in the recovered epithelium, we performed in situ hybridization with digoxigenin-labeled riboprobes for eight odorant receptors on the olfactory epithelium from unilaterally methyl bromide-lesioned and control rats. The data demonstrate that the distribution of sensory neuron types, as identified and defined by odorant receptor expression, is restored to normal or nearly so by 3 months after lesion. Likewise, the numbers of probe-labeled neurons in the lesioned-recovered epithelium are nearly equivalent to the unlesioned side at this time. Finally, our evidence suggests that odorant receptors are distributed in multiple overlapping bands in the normal, unlesioned, and lesioned-recovered epithelium rather than in the conventionally accepted three or four zones. Thus, the primary sensory elements required for functional recovery of the olfactory system after damage are restored, and altered function implies the persistence of a more central failure in regeneration.
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PMID:Odorant receptor expression patterns are restored in lesion-recovered rat olfactory epithelium. 1472 34

Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is a new immunosuppressive drug used to reduce acute rejection after heart transplantation. As with other immunosuppressive drugs, MMF therapy is associated with several adverse effects. However, the direct effects of MMF on myocardial tissue has not been yet evaluated. The aim of the work was thus to evaluate the effects of MMF on isolated cardiomyocytes (CM) in normal conditions and in an in vitro model of simulated ischemia (SI; substrate-free hypoxia) and reperfusion (R; reoxygenation). Myocyte-enriched cultures were prepared from newborn rat heart ventricles. The transmembrane potentials were recorded using conventional microelectrodes and the cell contractions were monitored with a photoelectric device. In basal conditions, MMF (10(-6) and 10(-5) M) exerted no significant effects on the survival and on the electrical and contractile activities of CM in culture, even during long-term exposure (up to 48 h). SI per se led to a gradual decrease and then an abortion of the spontaneous automaticity and electromechanical activity of CM. Pretreating CM with either 10(-6) or 10(-5) M MMF was able to reduce the SI-induced cell dysfunctions. The presence of MMF at these concentrations did not hamper the post-SI functional recovery of CM during reoxygenation. At 10(-5) M, MMF applied during reoxygenation only permitted a better recovery of CM. However, the mitochondrial function after reoxygenation, as assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) test, was not significantly influenced by the addition of MMF before as well as after ischemia. Conversely, MMF was able to reduce in this model the postischemic rise in xanthine and hypoxanthine. These data from CM-enriched model show that MMF: (i) had no cytotoxic effect, (ii) displayed a cytoprotective effect during SI, and (iii) exerted its beneficial effect at least partly through the decrease in the xanthine oxidase-dependent free radical production.
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PMID:Physiological and metabolic actions of mycophenolate mofetil on cultured newborn rat cardiomyocytes in normoxia and in simulated ischemia. 1514 80

Chronic demyelination is a pathophysiologic component of compressive spinal cord injury (SCI) and a characteristic finding in demyelinating diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS). A better characterization of endogenous cells responsible for successful remyelination is essential for designing therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring functional myelin. The present study examined the spatiotemporal response of endogenous oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) following ethidium bromide (EB)-induced demyelination of the adult rat spinal cord. Beginning at 2 days post-EB injection (dpi), a robust mobilization of highly proliferative NG2(+) cells within the lesion was observed, none of which expressed the oligodendrocyte lineage-associated transcription factor Nkx2.2. At 7 dpi, a significant up-regulation of Nkx2.2 by OPCs within the lesion was observed, 90% of which coexpressed NG2 and virtually all of which coexpressed the bHLH transcription factor Olig2. Despite successful recruitment of Nkx2.2(+)/Olig2(+) OPCs within the lesion, demyelinated axons were not remyelinated by these OPCs in regions lacking astrocytes. Rather, Schwann cell remyelination predominated throughout the central core of the lesion, particularly around blood vessels. Oligodendrocyte remyelination was observed in the astrogliotic perimeter, suggesting a necessary role for astrocytes in oligodendrocyte maturation. In addition, reexpression of the radial glial antigen, RC-1, by reactive astrocytes and ependymal cells was observed following injury. However, these cells did not express the neural stem cell (NSC)-associated transcription factors Sox1 or Sox2, suggesting that the endogenous response is primarily mediated by glial progenitors. In vivo electrophysiology demonstrated a limited and unsustained functional recovery concurrent with endogenous remyelination following EB-induced lesions.
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PMID:Endogenous Nkx2.2+/Olig2+ oligodendrocyte precursor cells fail to remyelinate the demyelinated adult rat spinal cord in the absence of astrocytes. 1569 15

Bone morphogenetic proteins play a key role in astrocytic differentiation. Astrocytes express the gap junctional protein connexin-43, which permits exchange of small molecules in brain and enhances synaptic efficacy. Bone marrow stromal cells produce soluble factors including bone morphogenetic protein 2 and bone morphogenetic protein 4 (bone morphogenetic protein 2/4) in ischemic brain. Here, we tested whether intra-carotid infusion of bone marrow stromal cells promotes synaptophysin expression and neurological functional recovery after stroke in rats. Adult male Wistar rats were subjected to 2 h of right middle cerebral artery occlusion. Rats were treated with or without bone marrow stromal cells at 24 h after middle cerebral artery occlusion via intra-arterial injection (n=8/group). A battery of functional tests was performed. Immunostaining of 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine, Ki67, bone morphogenetic protein 2/4, connexin-43, synaptophysin, glial fibrillary acidic protein, neuronal nuclear antigen, and double staining of 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine/glial fibrillary acidic protein, 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine/neuronal nuclear antigen, glial fibrillary acidic protein/bone morphogenetic protein 2/4 and glial fibrillary acidic protein/connexin-43 were employed. Rats treated with bone marrow stromal cells significantly (P<0.05) improved functional recovery compared with the controls. 5-Bromo-2-deoxyuridine and Ki67 positive cells in the ipsilateral subventricular zone were significantly (P<0.05) increased in bone marrow stromal cell treatment group compared with the controls, respectively. Administration of bone marrow stromal cells significantly (P<0.05) promoted the proliferating cell astrocytic differentiation, and increased bone morphogenetic protein 2/4, connexin-43 and synaptophysin expression in the ischemic boundary zone compared with the controls, respectively. Bone morphogenetic protein 2/4 expression correlated with the expression of connexin-43 (r=0.84, P<0.05) and connexin-43 expression correlated with the expression of synaptophysin (r=0.73, P<0.05) in the ischemic boundary zone, respectively. Administration of bone marrow stromal cells via an intra-carotid route increases endogenous brain bone morphogenetic protein 2/4 and connexin-43 expression in astrocytes and promotes synaptophysin expression, which may benefit functional recovery after stroke in rats.
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PMID:Bone marrow stromal cells upregulate expression of bone morphogenetic proteins 2 and 4, gap junction protein connexin-43 and synaptophysin after stroke in rats. 1673 Sep 12


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