Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0598934 (tumor growth)
 58,965 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Provision of adequate nutrition makes a major contribution toward improvement of clinical, biochemical, cellular, and psychologic status of the cancer patient in the face of the disease process and the side effects of various treatments. The principles of nutrition support include the following: 1) Malnutrition induced by cancer and its treatment adversely affects the patient and complicates further treatment of the disease. 2) Malnutrition is not an obligatory response of the host to cancer. 3) A rational nutritional therapeutic program for a patient requires analysis of the factors inducing depletion in that patient. 4) Every patient should have an early and periodic assessment of nutritional status. 5) Nutrition therapy, when indicated, should be instituted early. 6) The application and effectiveness of therapeutic programs must become part of the medical audit and general clinical procedure for inpatients and outpatients. 7) The objectives of nutritional therapy are: a) supportive, b) adjunctive, and c) definitive. 8) Nutritional status, tumor growth and anti-tumor treatment are intimately related. 9) Nutritional therapy has the potential for difficulties as well as benefits. 10) The provision of optimal nutrition care requires a multidisciplinary approach with physicians, nurses, dietitians, and pharmacists working as a team with adequate laboratory facilities and administrative and financial support.
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PMID:Principles of nutritional therapy. 10 85

In over 1000 cancer patients treated with intravenous hyperalimentation (IVH), tumor growth has not been identified and catheter-related sepsis has been minimal. Studies in rats demonstrated that the host benefits more than the tumor during nutritional repletion, and any stimulation of tumor growth in the rat-tumor model could be manipulated with DNA specific drugs to benefit the host. A study of 65 malnourished cancer patients undergoing oncologic therapy and treated with IVH indicated that much of the immune suppression in these patients was the result of malnutrition coincident with or secondary to oncologic treatment. Conclusions reached in this study were that nutritional repletion resulted in a return of skin test reactivity, proper wound healing in the surgical patient, and possibly an increase in response to chemotherapy. Certainly, the use of IVH allowed specific oncologic therapy to be administered to a group of malnourished patients who otherwise might not have been acceptable candidates for intensive antineoplastic therapy.
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PMID:Nutrition, cancer, and intravenous hyperalimentation. 10 87

A considerable body of evidence indicates that interference with amino acid metabolism could be used as a basis for a concerted attack on tumor growth. Tumor cells are known to concentrate amino acids; the same transport mechanisms cause them to concentrate amino acid analogues as well. Furthermore, the growth of many tumors if affected by deficiences of certain amino acids. This apparent vulnerability of tumors points to a new approach to in vivo testing and clinical trials of amino acid analogues for efficacy against tumor growth. This approach consists of creating a dietary deficiency of an amino acid, replacing the amino acid by a toxic analogue which would be selectively concentrated by the tumor, followed at the appropriate time by restoration of the normal dietary level of the natural amino acid to allow growth of normal tissues.
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PMID:Cancer chemotherapy - a new approach. 52 7

Nutritional deficiency reduces antibody synthetic capacity. Antibody directed against tumor antigens, however, may serve either to heighten tumor immunity, as in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, or to diminish host resistance to cancer growth by "blocking" cell-mediated tumor immunity. Diets made deficient in specific amino acids are inimical to tumor growth, apparently through reduction of synthesis of blocking antibody. Thus, where tumor immune function is involved, complex and possibly paradoxical effects of nutritional status on tumor growth can be predicted.
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PMID:Nutrition and tumor immunity: divergent effects of antitumor antibody. 110 43

The role of nutritional support in the management of the critically ill patient has been a topic of much concern and research. Malnutrition experienced by patients with cancer can be related to the nutritional status of the patient before the development of cancer, to the tumor itself, and to cancer therapy. Aggressive treatment may increase the degree of malnutrition, and the combination of the effects of therapy and progressive malnutrition may be a frequent cause of death. The use of intensive nutritional support for some patients may promote weight gain and positive nitrogen balance, increase tolerance of cancer therapy, and improve immune response. The benefits of nutritional support in the patient with cancer may outweigh concerns of nutrition effects on tumor growth. The choice of nutritional support is dependent on the availability of and access to a functioning gastrointestinal tract, comfort and compliance of the patient, the toxicity of drugs, and site of radiation therapy. Extended length of treatment, availability of care givers, and costs are also factors considered in delivering nutrients. Nutrition requirements, nutritional tolerance, and immune status should be monitored by the nurse. The nurse can function as coordinator for treatments and care as well as act as interpreter, teacher, and counselor to coordinate medical and nutritional management of the patient's illness into overall high-quality nursing care.
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PMID:Nutritional support of the patient with cancer. 157 77

Feeding an artificial, essentially polyamine-free diet which contained antibiotics for the decontamination of the gastrointestinal tract and 2-(difluoromethyl)ornithine (DFMO) and N,N'-bis-(2,3-butadienyl)putrescine for the inactivation of ornithine decarboxylase and polyamine oxidase, respectively, retarded the growth of several solid tumors by about 80%. In the present work the contribution of the major components of the treatment were analysed, using Lewis lung carcinoma growing in the hind leg of female C57BL mice. In addition to polyamine deprivation, malnutrition due to decreased food intake turned out to contribute significantly to tumor growth retardation. Ornithine decarboxylase was shown to be incompletely inhibited by administration of DFMO with the diet. A considerable improvement of polyamine deprivation can be expected from the continuous administration of this drug, or from analogous inhibitors with more favourable enzyme- and pharmaco-kinetic properties.
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PMID:Polyamine deprivation, malnutrition and tumor growth. 158 May 63

The role played by carotenoids, retinol and tocopherol in quencing oxidative cellular damage and combatting tumor growth is well documented, but little is known about their activity in human liver cirrhosis (LC), where oxidative damage and tumoral complications are common-place. We investigated 59 patients with LC of different etiology on admission to hospital and compared them with 32 healthy controls, matched for age and sex. Nutritional (cutaneous skinfolds, creatinine-height index) and serum parameters were determined; of these, alpha- and beta-carotene, cryptoxanthin, lycopene, retinol and alpha-tocopherol were detected by an high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) technique, devised in our laboratory, which afforded an accurate and simultaneous resolution of all six compounds. The results point to a significant reduction in almost all the vitamin factors in LC, as well as in total serum lipids. In consequence, the ratio tocopherol/total serum lipids remains almost unchanged: 2.45 +/- 0.08 (m +/- se) in controls and 2.34 +/- 0.16 in patients. The effects of age, sex, nutritional habits, alcohol, malnutrition and the severity of the disease were also evaluated in relation to the vitamin-factor levels. It is suggested that the reduced levels observed in LC patients are due to a number of factors including portal hypertension and lymphatic circulation impairment, and it is concluded that thorough screening and improved diet are beneficial in the follow-up of LC.
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PMID:Carotenoids and liposoluble vitamins in liver cirrhosis. 185 80

Protein-calorie malnutrition (PCM) is prevalent in cancer patients. However, the effect of PCM on anti-tumor immunity is unclear and critically important in an era of improving results with adoptive immunotherapy. This study examined the effect of short- and long-term PCM on tumor-specific and natural immune effector mechanisms in a murine neuroblastoma (C1300 NRB) model. A/J mice received an isocaloric 2.5% or 24% casein diet for 3 or 8 weeks before inoculation with tumor. Three weeks later lymphocytes from tumor-bearing mice were harvested for determination of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) generation and natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity. Both 3 and 8 weeks of PCM significantly reduced mean total body weight by 25% (p less than 0.001) and 41% (p less than 0.001), respectively, compared with regularly nourished mice. Short-term PCM did not inhibit CTL or NK cytotoxicity, whereas long-term PCM significantly diminished CTL generation (p less than 0.001) but preserved NK cytotoxic function. These results indicate that CTL development against autologous tumor, in contrast to basal NK function, is dependent on host nutritional status. Mean tumor growth, determined by tumor-weight to carcass-weight ratio, was unchanged for both short- and long-term protein-energy deprived groups compared with results in regularly nourished mice. These findings suggest that NK function is the predominant effector mechanism inhibiting C1300 NRB growth and that NK tumoricidal capacity is preserved during PCM.
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PMID:Comparison of acute and chronic protein-energy malnutrition on host antitumor immune mechanisms. 190 Nov 2

Malnutrition is a common manifestation of cancer patients and has a significant negative impact on treatment and survival. The metabolic aberrations associated with tumor growth are complex, and nutritional repletion cannot always be accomplished with nutritional support. Ultimate survival depends upon the primary lesion. Oral nutrition should be used whenever patients can eat and are able to take in sufficient calories. Preoperative total parenteral nutrition (TPN) in well-nourished patients appears to be unwarranted at this time, but the efficacy of preoperative TPN in malnourished surgical patients is established. Patients undergoing radiotherapy and chemotherapy can also benefit from nutritional support when the appropriate patient population is selected. In patients who have a potentially treatable disease, their malnourished state should not be a contraindication to therapy, and every effort should be made to nutritionally support such patients.
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PMID:Nutritional support of the surgical oncology patient. 190 27

Our current ability to favorably influence the adverse consequences of malnutrition in adult patients with established cancer is quite limited. Nutrient provision alone has not been successful in this regard. In fact, the approach of managing cancer patients with weight loss by solely providing calories is almost entirely extrapolated from clinical situations in which the presence of cancer is not a confounding problem and, therefore, may well be seriously flawed. These conclusions may not apply to situations in which special considerations hold, such as childhood malignancies and bone marrow transplantation. Current clinical management strategies for the cancer patient with weight loss require appropriate attention to the potential influence of the selected intervention on more than one parameter. As illustrated in Figure 1, nutritional support, whether by nutrient provision, pharmacologic administration, or a combination approach, differentially influences several parameters including nutritional status, abnormal host metabolism, gastrointestinal symptoms, and/or tumor growth. Changes in these parameters will influence the true end points with clinical relevance, which are patient survival and quality of life. Increased survival of patients with metastatic cancer has been difficult to achieve, even using chemotherapeutic regimens targeted directly at cancer growth. Similarly, nutritional support for patients with advanced cancer has not demonstrated improvement in this refractory parameter. Therefore, at the present time, clinicians must judge whether a nutritional support modality will favorably or unfavorably influence patient quality of life. This end point is of emerging importance in studies of nutritional support in cancer populations. Potential interrelationships among parameters influenced by nutritional support and their effect on clinically relevant end points are conceptually outlined in Figure 1. It is likely that concurrent attention to both optimal provision of nutrients and reversal of abnormal metabolism will be required if successful nutritional support approaches are to be described. Currently emerging clinical results provide some optimism for the future, but they do not unequivocally support the present routine application of any one particular nutrition support strategy for the medical patient with cancer.
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PMID:Nutritional support of the medical oncology patient. 190 28


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