Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0596263 (carcinogenesis)
 64,820 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Calphobindin I (CPB I) is a member of the family of Ca(2+)-dependent phospholipid binding proteins collectively termed as annexins. CPB I (Annexin V) has recently been shown to be an endogenous inhibitor of protein kinase C, a key enzyme in the cellular signal transduction and its inhibition by CPB I is presumed to be related ultimately to carcinogenesis. We therefore examined the level of production of CPB I in uterine cancer cells. Immunohistochemical analysis, northern blot, and in situ hybridization showed that the production of CPB I was markedly suppressed at the level of transcription in both cervical and endometrial carcinoma cells when compared to their normal counterparts. Decrease in production of CPB I may lead to dysregulated activation of protein kinase C and, accordingly, may be involved in a disorder of cell differentiation, proliferation, and carcinogenesis.
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PMID:Suppression of calphobindin I (CPB I) production in carcinoma of uterine cervix and endometrium. 767 95

In order to study the biological activities of tea preparations and purified tea polyphenols, their growth inhibitory effects were investigated using four human cancer cell lines. Growth inhibition was measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation after 48 h of treatment. The green tea catechins (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC) displayed strong growth inhibitory effects against lung tumor cell lines H661 and H1299, with estimated IC50 values of 22 microM, but were less effective against lung cancer cell line H441 and colon cancer cell line HT-29 with IC50 values 2- to 3-fold higher. (-)-Epicatechin-3-gallate, had lower activities, and (-)-epicatechin was even less effective. Preparations of green tea polyphenols and theaflavins had higher activities than extracts of green tea and decaffeinated green tea. The results suggest that the growth inhibitory activity of tea extracts is caused by the activities of different tea polyphenols. Exposure of H661 cells to 30 microM EGCG, EGC or theaflavins for 24 h led to the induction of apoptosis as determined by an annexin V apoptosis assay, showing apoptosis indices of 23, 26 and 8%, respectively; with 100 microM of these compounds, the apoptosis indices were 82, 76 and 78%, respectively. Incubation of H661 cells with EGCG also induced a dose-dependent formation of H2O2. Addition of H2O2 to H661 cells caused apoptosis in a manner similar to that caused by EGCG. The EGCG-induced apoptosis in H661 cells was completely inhibited by exogenously added catalase (50 units/ml). These results suggest that tea polyphenol-induced production of H2O2 may mediate apoptosis and that this may contribute to the growth inhibitory activities of tea polyphenols in vitro.
Carcinogenesis 1998 Apr
PMID:Inhibition of growth and induction of apoptosis in human cancer cell lines by tea polyphenols. 960 Mar 45

Previous studies have demonstrated that 2,3,7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) increases cell recovery in the human mammary epithelial cell line MCF-10A grown under growth factor-restricted conditions. TCDD was also found to mimic growth factor signaling pathways by stimulating the tyrosine phosphorylation of numerous effector molecules, and increased phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) activity in the absence of exogenously added growth factors. In the present studies, we have expanded on these initial results to show that TCDD (3-30 nM) increases cell recovery on days 2-6 by as much as 80% when insulin or epidermal growth factor (EGF) was removed from the media. The mechanism for this effect appears to be complex as TCDD inhibited apoptosis stimulated by EGF, or EGF and insulin, withdrawal by almost 80% as determined by Annexin V binding. However, withdrawal of insulin alone did not induce apoptosis even though TCDD did increase cell number in its absence. These results were corroborated by immunoblot analysis of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage. Since TCDD stimulates PI3K activity, the phosphorylation status of Akt, a serine/threonine kinase that mediates PI3K-dependent inhibition of apoptosis, was examined. Immunoblot analysis revealed that TCDD causes a transient increase in the phosphorylated form of Akt that peaks at 6 h and disappears by 12 h. It appears that EGF stimulates an anti-apoptotic pathway, while insulin signals a pro-mitogenic pathway. By stimulating or mimicking one or both of these pathways TCDD may alter tightly regulated growth pathways in the MCF-10A cell line.
Carcinogenesis 2000 May
PMID:2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) inhibits growth factor withdrawal-induced apoptosis in the human mammary epithelial cell line, MCF-10A. 1078 7

Retinoid signaling via retinoic acid (RA) and retinoid X receptors (RARs and RXRs) regulates mammary epithelial cell growth and differentiation. Loss of RAR-beta might represent an early event during breast carcinogenesis. Higher differentiated, estrogen-dependent, estrogen receptor (ER)-positive (ER+) mammary carcinoma cells have been found to contain relatively high levels of RAR-alpha and to be responsive to retinoids, whereas most undifferentiated, estrogen-independent, ER-negative (ER-) cells are characterized by low RAR-alpha expression and by retinoid resistance. In contrast, RAR-gamma is detectable at equal levels in both ER+ and ER- cells. In the present investigation, we directly examined the relative contribution of the distinct retinoid receptors to the retinoid response of breast cancer cells by comparing the effects of low concentrations of specific retinoids, which selectively activate individual receptor subtypes, on growth, cell cycle distribution, apoptosis, and on the autoregulation of RAR-alpha and RAR-gamma in ER- SK-BR-3 and ER+ T47D breast cancer cells. In vitro growth activity was determined by using a colorimetric cell viability assay and analysis of cell cycle distribution, and apoptosis was performed by flow cytometry of propidium iodide-stained or fluorescent Annexin V-labeled cells, respectively, whereas expression of RAR-alpha and RAR-gamma was determined by Northern blotting. Both cell lines are retinoid sensitive and express high amounts of RAR-alpha, RAR-gamma, and RXR-alpha. RAR-alpha-selective compounds (AM80 and AM580) inhibit cell growth, induce G1 arrest, stimulate apoptosis, and up-regulate RAR-alpha and RAR-gamma mRNA as efficiently as RAR/RXR-pan-reactive (9-cis RA) and RAR-pan-reactive retinoids (all-trans RA, TTNPB). Remarkably, an RAR-alpha antagonist (Ro 41-5253) not only blocks the RAR-alpha-selective agonists but also the pan-reactive compounds. In contrast, RAR-13-selective (CD417), RAR-gamma-selective (CD437/AHPN), and RXR-alpha-selective (Ro 25-7386) retinoids exert no effects on the examined parameters. Thus, our results support the idea that RAR-alpha is the crucial receptor mediating the biological effects during retinoid signaling in both ER- SK-BR-3 and ER+ T47D human breast cancer cells.
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PMID:Activation of retinoic acid receptor alpha is sufficient for full induction of retinoid responses in SK-BR-3 and T47D human breast cancer cells. 1103 91

The biological activities of theaflavin (TF), theaflavin gallate (TFG) and theaflavin digallate (TFdiG) from black tea and (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG) and (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC) from green tea were investigated using SV40-immortalized (33BES) and Ha-ras gene transformed (21BES) human bronchial epithelial cell lines. Growth inhibition and cell viability were measured by trypan blue dye exclusion assay following 24 h treatment with the tea polyphenols. TFdiG, EGC and EGCG displayed comparable inhibitory effects on the growth of 21BES cells, with estimated IC(50) values of 22-24 microM. TFG exhibited a lower inhibitory activity (IC(50) 37 microM) and TF was even less effective (IC(50) 47 microM) in this cell line. A similar effect was also observed in 33BES cells. These results suggest that the gallate structure of theaflavins is important for growth inhibition. Exposure of 21BES cells to 25 microM TFdiG, EGC and EGCG for 24 h led to induction of cell apoptosis/death as determined by the Annexin V apoptosis assay. With TFdiG treatment cell death occurred early, and quickly peaked at 8-12 h. Morphological observations showed that TFdiG-treated cells appeared irregular in shape, with cytoplasmic granules, suggesting a cytotoxic effect. On the other hand, EGC and EGCG showed a lag phase before a rapid increase in apoptosis between 16 and 24 h, without any marked morphological changes, which was similar to that induced by H(2)O(2). TFdiG, EGC and EGCG induced similar amounts of H(2)O(2) formation in 21BES cells. Exogenously added catalase significantly prevented EGC- and EGCG-induced cell apoptosis, but did not prevent TFdiG-induced cell death, suggesting that H(2)O(2) is involved in the apoptosis induced by EGCG and EGC, but not in TFdiG-induced cell death. EGCG and TFdiG were shown to decrease c-jun protein phosphorylation in 21BES cells. Such inhibition is expected to result in lowered AP-1 activity, which may contribute to the growth inhibitory activity of tea polyphenols.
Carcinogenesis 2000 Nov
PMID:Effect of black and green tea polyphenols on c-jun phosphorylation and H(2)O(2) production in transformed and non-transformed human bronchial cell lines: possible mechanisms of cell growth inhibition and apoptosis induction. 1106 65

Despite the widespread clinical use of tamoxifen as a breast cancer prevention agent, the molecular mechanism of tamoxifen chemoprevention is poorly understood. Abnormal expression of p53 is felt to be an early event in mammary carcinogenesis. We developed an in vitro model of early breast cancer prevention to investigate how tamoxifen and 4-hydroxytamoxifen may act in normal human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs) that have acutely lost p53 function. p53 function was suppressed by retrovirally mediated expression of the human papillomavirus type 16 E6 protein. Tamoxifen, but not 4-hydroxytamoxifen, rapidly induced apoptosis in p53(-) HMEC-E6 cells as evidenced by characteristic morphologic changes, annexin V binding, and DNA fragmentation. We observed that a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial condensation, and caspase activation preceded the morphologic appearance of apoptosis in tamoxifen-treated early passage p53(-) HMEC-E6 cells. p53(-) HMEC-E6 cells rapidly developed resistance to tamoxifen-mediated apoptosis within 10 passages in vitro. Resistance to tamoxifen in late passage p53(-) HMEC-E6 cells correlated with an increase in mitochondrial mass and a lack of mitochondrial depolarization and caspase activation following tamoxifen treatment. We hypothesize that an early event in the induction of apoptosis by tamoxifen involves mitochondrial depolarization and caspase activation, and this may be important for effective chemoprevention.
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PMID:Tamoxifen but not 4-hydroxytamoxifen initiates apoptosis in p53(-) normal human mammary epithelial cells by inducing mitochondrial depolarization. 1109 56

To identify the genes involved in cervical carcinogenesis, we applied the mRNA differential display method and identified a candidate tumor suppressor gene, HCCS-1, which was present in normal cervical tissue but absent in cervical cancer, metastatic lymph node and CUMC-6 cervical cancer cell line. HCCS-1 transcripts were expressed in many normal tissues including leukocyte, lung, spleen, liver, heart and uterine cervix. Its expression was absent in 8 human cancer cell lines. HCCS-1-transfected HeLa cells exhibited growth inhibition by about 50%. This inhibitory effect of HCCS-1 on cervical cancer cells was associated with apoptotic process including DNA fragmentation. HCCS-1-transfected HeLa cells were shown to release cytochrome c from mitochondria, which activates caspase-9 and -3 and finally results in cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Apoptosis formation was detected by propidium-iodide/annexin V. HCCS-1-transfected HeLa cells were more sensitive to adriamycin or UVC ray triggered apoptosis. These results suggest that HCCS-1 is downregulated in multiple human tumor types and may serve as a candidate tumor suppressor gene through apoptotic pathway against human cervical cancer.
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PMID:Candidate tumor suppressor, HCCS-1, is downregulated in human cancers and induces apoptosis in cervical cancer. 1185 54

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the end product of a multistep process characterized by a progression from normal epithelial cells through metaplastic or dysplastic intraepithelial changes that evolve into invasive cancer. Since retinamides have shown promising in vivo anti-tumoral activity, we studied effects and effector mechanisms of the synthetic retinoid N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4-HPR) on squamous cells at progressing stages of tumorigenesis. To this end, an in vitro model of squamous carcinogenesis consisting of normal human keratinocytes, human papilloma virus (HPV)-immortalized keratinocytes (UP) and tumorigenic HPV-immortalized/v-Ha-ras transfected keratinocytes (UPR) was used. 4-HPR treatment affected cell growth at doses higher than 1.5 microM. Flow cytometric measurements of DNA content and annexin V revealed that cell growth decrease was mainly due to apoptosis at 4-HPR concentrations of or below 15 microM, and necrosis at higher concentrations. The effects were similar in the three cell types of the in vitro model, as well as in three SCC cell lines, suggesting that sensitivity to 4-HPR is independent of the degree of squamous cell tumorigenesis in the in vitro model. We further investigated whether mitochondrial damage was involved in the course of 4-HPR-induced apoptosis. Treatment of squamous cells with the antioxidant L-ascorbic acid inhibited apoptosis, indicating that 4-HPR increases production of free radicals. Measures of mitochondrial membrane potentials showed that 4-HPR induced membrane permeability transition (MPT), and that MPT-inhibitors were able to reduce apoptosis. This indicates that MPT is involved in apoptosis signalling by 4-HPR. Finally, we studied the role of caspases. We found that caspases 8, 9 and 3 participate in 4-HPR-mediated apoptosis of squamous cells, and that MPT is an upstream event that regulates caspase activity. Caspase 8 was activated independently of the Fas-Fas ligand pathway.
Carcinogenesis 2002 Mar
PMID:Apoptosis of squamous cells at different stages of carcinogenesis following 4-HPR treatment. 1189 59

Chronic ingestion of arsenite-contaminated drinking water causes skin, bladder, and liver cancer. The mechanism of arsenite-induced carcinogenesis is unknown. Arsenite is known to disrupt mitosis and to delay transit through M phase in normal diploid fibroblasts. SV40-transformed human fibroblasts were observed to be hypersensitive to the cytotoxic and cytostatic effects of NaAsO(2) compared with normal diploid fibroblasts in concentration-response experiments. Five to 20 microM NaAsO(2) induced cytostasis in cycling normal diploid fibroblasts but not overt lethality in quiescent normal diploid fibroblasts. High concentrations of arsenite were overtly lethal in both cycling and quiescent cells. The IC50 for cycling SV40-transformed fibroblasts was 3.8 and 4.8 microM for the SV40-transformed lines GM4429 and GM0637, respectively, whereas, in cycling normal diploid fibroblasts (GM0024), the IC50 was 24.7 microM. Microscopic examination of NaAsO(2)-treated SV40-transformed fibroblasts suggested a concentration-dependent accumulation of cells in mitosis undergoing apoptosis. Treatment of SV40-transformed fibroblasts with 0-10 microM NaAsO(2) caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation, accumulation of cells having G2/M DNA contents, and increases in the mitotic index. Phase microscopy, annexin V binding, and electron microscopy demonstrated that arrested mitotic cells underwent apoptosis. These results indicate that SV40-transformation sensitizes cells to arsenite-induced mitotic arrest and induction of apoptosis in the mitotic cells.
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PMID:Arsenite disrupts mitosis and induces apoptosis in SV40-transformed human skin fibroblasts. 1196 75

Zerumbone (ZER), a sesquiterpene from the edible plant Zingiber zerumbet Smith, has recently been found to suppress tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced Epstein-Barr virus activation in a potent manner. In the present study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive potentials of ZER in a variety of cell culture experiments. ZER effectively suppressed TPA-induced superoxide anion generation from both NADPH oxidase in dimethylsulfoxide-differentiated HL-60 human acute promyelocytic leukemia cells and xanthine oxidase in AS52 Chinese hamster ovary cells. The combined lipopolysaccharide- and interferon-gamma-stimulated protein expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, together with the release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages were also markedly diminished. These suppressive events were accompanied with a combined decrease in the medium concentrations of nitrite and prostaglandin E(2), while the expression level of COX-1 was unchanged. ZER inhibited the proliferation of human colonic adenocarcinoma cell lines (LS174T, LS180, COLO205, and COLO320DM) in a dose-dependent manner, while the growth of normal human dermal (2F0-C25) and colon (CCD-18 Co) fibroblasts was less affected. It also induced apoptosis in COLO205 cells, as detected by dysfunction of the mitochondria transmembrane, Annexin V-detected translocation of phosphatidylserine, and chromatin condensation. Intriguingly, alpha-humulene, a structural analog lacking only the carbonyl group in ZER, was virtually inactive in all experiments conducted, indicating that the alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl group in ZER may play some pivotal roles in interactions with unidentified target molecule(s). Taken together, our results indicate that ZER is a food phytochemical that has distinct potentials for use in anti-inflammation, chemoprevention, and chemotherapy strategies.
Carcinogenesis 2002 May
PMID:Zerumbone, a Southeast Asian ginger sesquiterpene, markedly suppresses free radical generation, proinflammatory protein production, and cancer cell proliferation accompanied by apoptosis: the alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl group is a prerequisite. 1241 47


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