Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0596263 (carcinogenesis)
 64,820 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In our previous studies, we found lower levels of retinoic acid (RA) in the lungs of ferrets exposed to cigarette smoke and/or a pharmacological dose of beta-carotene. To determine whether this is involved in excessive catabolism of RA via cytochrome P450 (CYP) induction, we carried out in vitro incubations of RA with the lung microsomal fractions of ferrets with or without CYP inhibitors and antibodies against CYP. The polar metabolites (4-oxo-RA and 18-hydroxy-RA) of RA metabolism after the incubation were analyzed by HPLC. Expressions of CYP (1A1, 1A2, 2E1 and 3A1) were examined using Western blot analysis. Incubation of various concentrations of RA with the lung microsomal fraction from ferrets exposed to cigarette smoke, a pharmacological dose of beta-carotene or their combination dose-dependently increased the levels of 4-oxo-RA and 18-hydroxy-RA compared with that of the control ferrets. At all RA concentrations, this increase was the greatest in lung tissue from the combined treatment group. Furthermore, this enhanced RA catabolism was substantially (approximately 80%) inhibited by nonspecific CYP inhibitors (disulfiram and liarozole), but was partially (approximately 50%) inhibited by resveratrol (CYP1A1 inhibitor), alpha-naphthoflavone (CYP1A2 inhibitor) and antibodies against CYP1A1 and CYP1A2. Cigarette smoke exposure and/or pharmacological doses of beta-carotene increased levels of CYP1A1 and 1A2 by three- to sixfold but not levels of 2E1 and 3A1 in ferret lung tissue. These findings suggest that low levels of RA in the lung of ferrets exposed to cigarette smoke and/or pharmacological doses of beta-carotene may be caused by the enhanced RA catabolism via induction of CYP, CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 in particular, which provides a possible explanation for enhanced lung carcinogenesis seen with pharmacological doses of beta-carotene supplementation in cigarette smokers.
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PMID:Exposing ferrets to cigarette smoke and a pharmacological dose of beta-carotene supplementation enhance in vitro retinoic acid catabolism in lungs via induction of cytochrome P450 enzymes. 1251 86

We have previously reported permanent hair dye use to be a significant risk factor for bladder cancer in US women. We also have examined N-acetyltransferase-2 (NAT2) phenotype in relation to the hair dye-bladder cancer relationship, and found that the association is principally confined to NAT2 slow acetylators. In the present study, we assessed the possible modifying effects of a series of potential arylamine-metabolizing genotypes/phenotypes (GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1, NAT1, NAT2, CYP1A2) on the permanent hair dye-bladder cancer association, among female participants (159 cases, 164 controls) of the Los Angeles Bladder Cancer Study. Among NAT2 slow acetylators, exclusive permanent hair dye use was associated with a 2.9-fold increased risk of bladder cancer (95% CI = 1.2-7.5). The corresponding relative risk in NAT2 rapid acetylators was 1.3 (95% CI = 0.6-2.8). Frequency- and duration-related dose-response relationships confined to NAT2 slow acetylators were all positive and statistically significant. No such associations were noted among NAT2 rapid acetylators. Among CYP1A2 'slow' individuals, exclusive permanent hair dye use was associated with a 2.5-fold increased risk of bladder cancer (95% CI = 1.04-6.1). The corresponding risk in CYP1A2 'rapid' individuals was 1.3 (95% CI = 0.6-2.7). Frequency- and duration-related dose-response relationships confined to CYP1A2 'slow' individuals were all positive and statistically significant. No such associations were noted among CYP1A2 'rapid' individuals. Among lifelong non-smoking women, individuals exhibiting the non-NAT1*10 genotype showed a statistically significant increase in bladder cancer risk associated with exclusive permanent hair dye use (OR = 6.8, 95% CI = 1.7-27.4). The comparable OR in individuals with the NAT1*10 genotype was 1.0 (95%CI = 0.2-4.3). Similarly, all frequency- and duration-related dose-response relationships confined to individuals possessing the non-NAT1*10 genotype were positive and statistically significant. On the other hand, individuals of NAT1*10 genotype exhibited no such associations.
Carcinogenesis 2003 Mar
PMID:Permanent hair dyes and bladder cancer: risk modification by cytochrome P4501A2 and N-acetyltransferases 1 and 2. 1266 8

2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) is the most abundant of the heterocyclic amines found in cooked meat. Based on in vitro studies with rats and humans, CYP1A2 is believed to be the primary enzyme responsible for N(2)-hydroxylation, the initial step in the metabolic activation of PhIP. To determine whether CYP1A2 is the primary P450 responsible for metabolic activation of PhIP in mice that leads to tumor formation, neonatal Cyp1a2-null and wild-type mice were treated with approximately 11 (low dose) and approximately 22 (high dose) mg/kg PhIP at days 8 and 15, corresponding cumulatively to 600 and 1200 nmol PhIP, and analyzed at 19-21 months of age. Three major induced tumors were found; lymphomas and tumors in lung and liver. The incidence of lymphoma was higher in Cyp1a2-null females than wild-type females treated with low dose (600 nmol) PhIP whereas no significant differences were observed in other treatment groups of mice. Overall differences in incidences of lung adenoma/adenocarcinoma were in general not consistent among sexes, genotypes and PhIP doses used, although reduced incidences of lung tumors were found in Cyp1a2-null males with low dose (600 nmol) and null females with high dose (1200 nmol) PhIP. Higher incidences of hepatocellular adenoma were observed in Cyp1a2-null female and male mice as compared with wild-type mice. In vitro studies using Cyp1a2-null and wild-type mouse liver microsomes revealed that CYP1A2 is the major enzyme required for PhIP N2-hydroxylation in mouse, the initial metabolic activation of PhIP that is thought to lead to tumor formation. These in vivo and in vitro results suggest that although the metabolic activation of PhIP is carried out primarily by CYP1A2, an unknown pathway unrelated to CYP1A2 appears to be responsible for PhIP carcinogenesis in mouse when examined in the neonatal bioassay. In fact, CYP1A2 may even be protective against all transformation, especially in females.
Carcinogenesis 2003 Mar
PMID:Carcinogenesis of the food mutagen PhIP in mice is independent of CYP1A2. 1266 21

Caffeine exerts potent chemopreventive action against 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP)-induced rat mammary gland carcinogenesis, but acts as a co-carcinogen in the colon. The present work was performed to clarify mechanisms underling these organ dependent actions. Female F344 rats were given PhIP and caffeine, PhIP alone, caffeine alone or no treatment for 4 weeks. PhIP-DNA adduct formation in the colon was significantly higher in the PhIP+caffeine than in the PhIP group, but levels in the mammary glands showed no inter-group differences. CYP1A2 mRNA expression in the livers of the PhIP+caffeine group tended to be higher than in either the PhIP or the caffeine alone groups. High mRNA expression for both N-acetyltransferase (NAT) 1 and NAT2 was observed in the colon, with less expression in the mammary gland. The levels of four DNA-repair enzymes were not influenced by the caffeine treatment. In conclusion, only increased level of DNA adducts in the colon partially related to the modifying effects of caffeine on PhIP-induced rat carcinogenesis. Thus, other unknown factors must be contributory.
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PMID:Mechanistic approach of contrasting modifying effects of caffeine on carcinogenesis in the rat colon and mammary gland induced with 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine. 1270 56

2-Amino-3-methyl-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (MeAalphaC) and some metabolites were investigated for mutagenicity in mammalian cell lines and bacterial strains engineered for the expression of human enzymes. MeAalphaC induced gene mutations (studied at the hprt locus) in Chinese hamster V79-derived cells co-expressing cytochrome (CYP) 1A2 and sulphotransferase (SULT) 1A1 even at a concentration of 30 nM, but was inactive in cells co-expressing CYP1A2 and N-acetyltransferase (NAT) 1 or 2. MeAalphaC, tested in the presence of rat liver post-mitochondrial fraction, showed strongly enhanced mutagenicity in a Salmonella typhimurium strain expressing human SULT1A1 compared with the control (recipient) strain TA1538/1,8-DNP (deficient in endogenous acetyltransferase). Mutagenicity was also enhanced, although to a lesser extent, when NAT2 was expressed in the latter strain. The metabolite, 2-hydroxylamino-3-methyl-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (N-OH-MeAalphaC) was a direct mutagen to strains TA1538 and TA1538/ 1,8-DNP. This mutagenicity was strongly enhanced in corresponding strains expressing SULT1A1. A moderate enhancement was observed when SULT1A2, SULT1B1, SULT1C2 or NAT2 were expressed in strain TA1538. The remaining enzymes studied (SULT1A3, 1C1, 1E1, 2A1, 2B1a, 2B1b, 4A1 and NAT1) did not indicate any activation of N-OH-MeAalphaC. Preliminary mutagenicity experiments in SULT-expressing S.typhimurium strains were conducted with other hydroxylated metabolites of MeAalphaC. The phenols, 6- and 7-hydroxy-MeAalphaC, were inactive under the conditions studied. The benzylic alcohol, 2-amino-3-hydroxymethyl-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole, was mutagenic in a strain expressing SULT1A1, but its activity was much weaker than that of N-OH-MeAalphaC. Thus, N-hydroxylation (e.g. mediated by CYP1A2) and sulpho conjugation (primarily mediated by SULT1A1) was the dominating activation pathway of MeAalphaC in model systems engineered for human enzymes. Some other SULT forms as well as NAT2 were also capable of activating N-OH-MeAalphaC, although with much lower efficiency than SULT1A1. Another minor activation pathway involved benzylic hydroxylation followed by sulpho conjugation by SULT1A1.
Carcinogenesis 2004 May
PMID:Bioactivation of the heterocyclic aromatic amine 2-amino-3-methyl-9H-pyrido [2,3-b]indole (MeAalphaC) in recombinant test systems expressing human xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes. 1472 82

Anti-mutagenic and anti-carcinogenic effects of beer on heterocyclic amine (HCA)-induced carcinogenesis were studied in vitro and in vivo. Four commercial beers (two pilsner-type, black, and stout) showed inhibitory effects against five HCAs, 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo [4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx), 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), 3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-2), 2-amino-6-methyldipyrido[1,2-a:3',2'-d]imidazole (Glu-P-1) and 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]-quinoline (IQ), in the Ames assay using Salmonella typhimurium TA98 in the presence of rat S9 mix. The inhibitory effects of dark-colored beers (stout and black beer) were greater than those of pilsner-type beers. Dark-colored beers suppressed CYP1A2 activity in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that inhibition of HCA activation is partly responsible for their strong anti-mutagenic effects. Anti-mutagenic effects were also observed when the pooled human S9 mix or activated IQ was used in the assay. The micronucleus test using Chinese hamster lung CHL/IU cells showed that the addition of freeze-dried samples of pilsner-type and stout beer to the culture medium significantly reduced the number of cells with micronuclei induced with PhIP or Trp-P-2. Single-cell gel electrophoresis assay (comet assay) revealed that oral ingestion of pilsner-type and stout beers for 1 week significantly inhibited DNA damage in the liver cells of male ICR mice exposed to MeIQx (13 mg/kg, i.p.). A decrease in the formation of DNA adducts was also observed using a 32P-postlabeling method. Male Fischer 344 rats orally received PhIP (75 mg/kg, five times a week for 2 weeks) and aberrant crypt foci (ACF) formation in the colon was analyzed after 5 weeks. The number of ACF was significantly reduced in rats fed a diet containing freeze-dried beer. These results suggest that beer inhibits the genotoxic effects of HCAs and may reduce the risk of carcinogenesis caused by food borne carcinogens.
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PMID:Inhibitory effects of beer on heterocyclic amine-induced mutagenesis and PhIP-induced aberrant crypt foci in rat colon. 1506 85

Consumption of red meat is associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer, whereas cruciferous vegetable consumption reduces cancer risk. While the mechanisms remain to be determined, cruciferous vegetables may act by altering the metabolism of carcinogens present in cooked food, such as the heterocyclic amine 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of cruciferous vegetable consumption on the metabolism of PhIP in 20 non-smoking Caucasian male subjects. The study consisted of three 12-day phases, namely two periods of avoidance of cruciferous vegetables (phases 1 and 3) and a high cruciferous vegetable diet period (phase 2), when subjects ingested 250 g each of Brussels sprouts and broccoli per day. At the end of each study phase, the subjects consumed a cooked meat meal containing 4.90 microg PhIP and urine samples were collected for up to 48 h. Cruciferous vegetable consumption significantly increased hepatic CYP1A2, as demonstrated by changes in saliva caffeine kinetics. Samples of N(2)-hydroxy-PhIP-N(2)-glucuronide (the major urinary metabolite of PhIP in humans), N(2)-hydroxy-PhIP-N(3)-glucuronide and their trideuterated derivatives (to serve as internal standards) were synthesized and a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry method developed for their analysis. In phases 1 and 3, the excretion of N(2)-hydroxy-N(2)-PhIP-glucuronide in 0-48 h urine samples was six times that of N(2)-hydroxy-PhIP-N(3)-glucuronide. Cruciferous vegetable consumption significantly increased the urinary excretion of N(2)-hydroxy-PhIP-N(2)-glucuronide in 0-48 h urine samples to 127 and 136% of levels observed in phases 1 and 3, respectively. In contrast, the urinary excretion of N(2)-hydroxy-PhIP-N(3)-glucuronide was unchanged. While the urinary excretion of both PhIP metabolites accounted for approximately 39% of the PhIP dose in phases 1 and 3, they accounted for approximately 49% of the dose in phase 2. This study demonstrates that cruciferous vegetable consumption can induce both the phase I and II metabolism of PhIP in humans.
Carcinogenesis 2004 Sep
PMID:Cruciferous vegetable consumption alters the metabolism of the dietary carcinogen 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) in humans. 1507 45

Previous studies have reported that green tea effectively protects against cancers caused by various dietary carcinogens. As P450 enzymes are the major system responsible for the metabolism of many carcinogens, we hypothesise that tea consumption may alter the catalytic activities of P450 enzymes. We conducted this study to screen the effects of four different teas on the activities of P450 enzymes. Tea solutions (2.5%) were prepared by adding boiling water to tea leaves and filtering. Female Wistar rats were divided into five groups (n = 4 each); each had free access to tea solutions while the control group was supplied with water for 4 weeks. Animals were sacrificed and livers were removed for preparation of microsomes. Enzyme activities were determined by incubation of liver microsomes with the appropriate CYP substrate. The activity of CYP1A1 in livers from rats receiving Oolong (Chinese) tea (185 +/- 63 pmol/mg/min), Japanese green tea (197 +/- 22 pmol/mg/min) and Earl Grey tea (228 +/- 40 pmol/mg/min) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than in the control group (94 +/- 34 pmol/mg/min), whereas no change was observed in the activity of CYP1A2 in any of tested animals. The hepatic activity of CYP2D6 was greater only in rats drinking Earl Grey tea compared to the controls (235 +/- 37 vs 161 +/- 41 pmol/mg/min, p < 0.05). There were also significant increases (p < 0.05) in the activity of CYP3A in livers of animals given Oolong tea (653 +/- 174 vs 382 +/- 114 pmol/mg/min) and Earl Grey tea (751 +/- 202 pmol/mg/min), while Jasmine and Japanese green tea had no significant effect. These results indicate that not all types of tea cause alterations in liver CYP enzymes as some elevated activities and some did not. Further studies are needed to determine whether there is a relationship between the effect of tea on CYP activities and anti-carcinogenesis.
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PMID:Effects of Chinese, Japanese and Western tea on hepatic P450 enzyme activities in rats. 1528 2

Naturally occurring phenolics, protocatechuic and tannic acids have been reported to be inhibitors of chemical mutagenesis and carcinogenesis in experimental models. Here, we have studied the effect of pretreatment with these compounds on MC-induced cytochrome P450 and phase II enzymes in rats. The male Wistar rats were treated intraperitoneally with protocatechuic acid and tannic acid in the dose of 50mg/kg every 3 days for 2 weeks. MC was administered at the 12th day of phenolics treatment. The activities of EROD (CYP1A1), MROD (CYP1A2), PROD (CYP2B), PNPH (CYP2E1), GST, UDPGT, NQO1 were measured in the liver and kidney. Protocatechuic acid treatment minimally reduced the MC-induced EROD and MROD, but the observed differences were statistically significant. This compound was also a weak inhibitor of hepatic PNPH. Moreover, Western blot analysis with CYP1A1/1A2- and CYP2E1-specific antibodies showed the same effect in the levels of hepatic CYP1A1/1A2 and CYP2E1. Minimal decrease of renal constitutive (by 23%) and more significant reduction of induced form (by 66%) of PNPH was found as result of treatment with protocatechuic acid. Tannic acid alone had no effect on cytochrome P450 enzymes while in combination with MC this polyphenol minimally enhanced the MC induction of MROD and in greater extent PNPH in liver. The treatment with protocatechuic acid alone enhanced slightly the activities of all three phase II enzymes in liver. The pretreatment with this phenolic of the MC-induced rats however significantly increased the activities of hepatic GST and NQO1 in comparison with MC-treated group. In kidney MC-induced activity of NQO1 was reduced (about 43%) to the control level by tannic acid pretreatment. The results of our present study indicate that in rat the prolonged treatment with protocatechuic acid affects differently the activities of CYP and phase II enzyme when compared to tannic acid. Moreover, the effect of this polyphenols significantly depends on the method of treatment.
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PMID:Modulation of 3-methylcholanthrene-induced rat hepatic and renal cytochrome P450 and phase II enzymes by plant phenols: protocatechuic and tannic acids. 1530 93

7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) is a well-known polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) that causes a variety of tumors in exposed animals. Although PAH carcinogenicity is primarily mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) through induction of P450, it is not precisely determined whether AhR regulates the DMBA carcinogenesis in vivo. In this context, we examined the frequency of DMBA-induced tumors and the expressions of mRNAs of P450-CYP1 subfamily and microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH) in the skin and submandibular gland using AhR-deficient mice. After DMBA exposure, AhR-/- and AhR+/+ mice showed the same tumor incidences and latency. CYP1A1 was absent in these tissues but was slightly induced in DMBA-treated AhR+/+ mice. In AhR-/- and AhR+/+ mice, constitutive expression of CYP1B1 was evident at equivalent levels, whereas CYP1A2 was not detectable, irrespective of DMBA treatment. mEH was expressed in both tissues of all animals. Collectively, the constitutive levels of CYP1B1 and mEH in the skin and submandibular gland maintain DMBA response in these tissues of AhR-/- mice.
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PMID:Skin and salivary gland carcinogenicity of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene is equivalent in the presence or absence of aryl hydrocarbon receptor. 1533 Nov 71


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