Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0596263 (carcinogenesis)
 64,820 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In recent years green tea has been shown to afford protection against chemical- and photo-carcinogenesis in several animal tumor bioassay systems. It has been suggested that the wide range of anticarcinogenic properties of green tea may be due to the antioxidant effect of epicatechins present therein. In this study, we assessed whether these epicatechin derivatives (ECDs)--namely (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC), (-)-epicatechin gallate (ECG), (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and (-)-epicatechin (EC) inhibit spontaneous and photo-enhanced lipid peroxidation (LPO) in mouse epidermal microsomes. Our data indicate that significant inhibition (significance levels for P, < 0.05 to < 0.0001) was evident by EGCG, EGC and ECG in Fe3+/ADP supported LPO. Interestingly each of these epicatechin derivatives was also effective in inhibiting photo-enhanced LPO generated by incubating epidermal microsomes in the presence of silicon phthalocyanine and 650 nm irradiation. However, at equimolar basis, EGCG, which is also the major constituent in GTP, showed maximum inhibitory effects compared to other ECDs. Taken together, our results provide the direct evidence for the antioxidant property of ECDs, and suggest that such an effect may contribute towards anticarcinogenic (specifically anti-skin tumor) promoting effects of green tea.
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PMID:Inhibition of spontaneous and photo-enhanced lipid peroxidation in mouse epidermal microsomes by epicatechin derivatives from green tea. 818 54

Progression of benign tumors to malignant cancer is critical since cancerous lesions are capable of metastatic spread and eventually causing death. Inhibitors of the conversion process, therefore, would likely be useful as cancer chemopreventive agents. In this study, we assessed the protective effect of topical application of a polyphenolic fraction isolated from green tea (GTP) against spontaneous as well as benzoyl peroxide (BPO)- and 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide (4-NQO)-enhanced malignant conversion of chemically induced skin papillomas in SENCAR mice. Papillomas were induced in SENCAR mice by topical application of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene as a tumor-initiating agent followed by twice a week application of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate as a tumor-promoting agent. Beginning at the 20th week, when papilloma yield was stabilized, enhanced malignant conversion was achieved by twice weekly topical application of either BPO or 4-NQO, whereas spontaneous malignant conversion was associated with topical application of acetone. In these protocols, preapplication of GTP (6 mg/animal) 30 min prior to skin application of acetone, BPO, or 4-NQO resulted in 14, 31, and 29% protection, respectively, in terms of percentage of mice with carcinomas, and 20, 35, and 43% protection in terms of number of carcinomas/mouse. In these experiments, a BPO- and 4-NQO-enhanced rate of malignant conversion was also found to be decreased significantly by the skin application of GTP; however, such effects of GTP were less profound in the cases of spontaneous malignant conversion. The results of this study suggest that, in addition to its chemopreventive effects against tumor initiation and promotion stages of multistage carcinogenesis, green tea also possesses significant protective effects against tumor progression, specifically tumor progression induced by BPO and 4-NQO.
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PMID:Protection against malignant conversion of chemically induced benign skin papillomas to squamous cell carcinomas in SENCAR mice by a polyphenolic fraction isolated from green tea. 822 79

The polyphenolic fraction isolated from green tea (GTP) is a potent inhibitor of phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced tumor promotion in mouse skin. In this study, we assessed the effect of GTP on both stage I and stage II skin tumor promotion, and also analyzed the effect of duration of GTP treatment on skin tumor promotion in SENCAR mice. Topical application of GTP (6 mg/animal) concurrently with each application of either TPA (3.2 nmol) or mezerein (3.2 nmol) in stage I or stage II of the murine skin tumor promotion protocol, respectively, resulted in significant protection against skin papilloma formation in terms of both tumor multiplicity (42-50%) and tumor growth (43-54%). More profound and sustained protective effects of GTP were evident when it was applied continuously during both stage I and stage II of the skin tumor promotion protocol concurrently with TPA or mezerein treatments, respectively. Under this treatment regimen, compared to non-GTP-treated positive controls, GTP application showed 71%, 37% and 74% protection in terms of tumor multiplicity, tumor incidence and tumor growth, respectively. These data indicate that GTP inhibits both stage I and stage II of skin tumor promotion and that the inhibition of tumor promotion depends on the duration of GTP treatment.
Carcinogenesis 1993 Dec
PMID:Inhibition of both stage I and stage II skin tumor promotion in SENCAR mice by a polyphenolic fraction isolated from green tea: inhibition depends on the duration of polyphenol treatment. 826 39

In prior studies we and others have shown that oral feeding of a polyphenolic fraction isolated from green tea (GTP) or water extract of green tea affords protection against ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation-induced carcinogenesis in SKH-1 hairless mice (Wang et al., Carcinogenesis 12, 1527-1530, 1991). It is known that exposure of murine skin to UVB radiation results in cutaneous edema, depletion of the antioxidant-defense system and induction of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and cyclooxygenase activities. In this study we assessed the protective effect of GTP on these UVB radiation-caused changes in murine skin. Oral feeding of 0.2% GTP (wt/vol) as the sole source of drinking water for 30 days to SKH-1 hairless mice followed by irradiation with UVB (900 mJ/cm2) resulted in significant protection against UVB radiation-caused cutaneous edema (P < 0.0005) and depletion of the antioxidant-defense system in epidermis (P < 0.01-0.02). The oral feeding of GTP also resulted in significant protection against UVB radiation-caused induction of epidermal ODC (P < 0.005-0.01) and cyclooxygenase activities (P < 0.0001) in a time-dependent manner. Our data indicate that the inhibition of UVB radiation-caused changes in these markers of tumor promotion in murine skin by GTP may be one of the possible mechanisms of chemopreventive effects associated with green tea against UVB-induced tumorigenesis. The results of this study suggest that green tea, specifically polyphenols present therein, may be useful against inflammatory responses associated with the exposure of skin to solar radiation.
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PMID:Protection against ultraviolet B radiation-induced effects in the skin of SKH-1 hairless mice by a polyphenolic fraction isolated from green tea. 828 25

Earlier studies conducted in our laboratory have shown that a polyphenolic fraction isolated from green tea (GTP) possesses anti-skin tumor initiating and anti-skin tumor promoting activity in the two-stage skin tumorigenesis protocol in SENCAR mouse. We have also shown that topical application of GTP inhibits tumor promoter-caused induction of epidermal ornithine decarboxylase activity in SENCAR mice in a dose-dependent manner, and that its oral feeding in drinking water to SKH-1 hairless mice enhances antioxidant and phase II enzyme activity in liver, lung, small bowel and skin. In this study, we show that single or multiple applications of GTP on SENCAR mouse ear prior to or after the application of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) afford significant protection (P < 0.05) against TPA-induced edema. Pre-application of GTP also afforded significant protection against TPA-induced hyperplasia in the ear skin. The percentage protection by GTP both in terms of epidermal thickness and vertical cell layers was 75 and 90% respectively (P < 0.005). In further studies, we assessed the protective effect of GTP against TPA-caused infiltration of neutrophils in the ear skin of SENCAR mouse, by determining a naturally occurring constituent of neutrophils, myeloperoxidase, as a quantitative marker of tissue neutrophil content. Prior application of GTP resulted in significant protection against TPA-caused infiltration of neutrophils (P < 0.005). These results suggest that GTP possesses potential as a cancer chemopreventive agent against stage I tumor promotion.
Carcinogenesis 1993 Mar
PMID:Protection against 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-caused inflammation in SENCAR mouse ear skin by polyphenolic fraction isolated from green tea. 845 11

In recent years we and others have shown the cancer chemopreventive effects of green tea in several animal tumor models. In this study we assessed the cancer chemopreventive effects of water extract of green tea (WEGT) and the polyphenolic fraction (GTP) isolated from WEGT against N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN)- and benzo[a]pyrene (BP)-induced forestomach and lung tumorigenesis in A/J mice. The protective effects, both in forestomach and lungs, were evident by a decrease in number of tumors and the percentage of mice with tumors when WEGT and GTP were fed to animals during initiation, post-initiation and entire period of tumorigenesis protocols. Oral feeding of 0.2% GTP in drinking water to mice afforded 68-82 and 39-66% protection against DEN- and BP-induced forestomach tumorigenesis respectively. In case of pulmonary tumor multiplicity caused by DEN and BP, the protective effects of GTP were between 38-43 and 25-46% respectively. Similarly, oral feeding of 2.5% WEGT to mice also afforded 80-85 and 61-71% protection against DEN- and BP-induced forestomach tumorigenesis respectively. In case of lung tumorigenesis, the protective effects of WEGT were 43-62 and 25-51% respectively. Histological studies of forestomach tumors showed significantly lower squamous cell carcinoma counts in GTP- and WEGT-fed groups of mice compared to carcinogen alone treated control group of mice. When pulmonary tumors were examined histologically, no adenocarcinomas were observed in GTP- and WEGT-fed groups of mice compared to 20% mice with adenocarcinomas in carcinogen alone treated control group. Oral feeding of GTP and WEGT in drinking water also showed significant enhancement in the activities of glutathione S-transferase and NADP(H): quinone reductase in liver, small bowel, stomach and lung. The results of this study suggest that green tea possesses chemopreventive effects against carcinogen-induced tumorigenesis in internal body organs, and that the mechanism of such effects may involve the enhancement of phase II and anti-oxidant enzyme systems.
Carcinogenesis 1993 May
PMID:Protection against N-nitrosodiethylamine and benzo[a]pyrene-induced forestomach and lung tumorigenesis in A/J mice by green tea. 850 76

We have previously reported that Ras protein is a potent cysteine proteinase inhibitor. In order to examine whether the cysteine proteinase-inhibitory activity of Ras is involved in carcinogenesis, the effects of the following probes were investigated. Cystatin alpha is a cysteine proteinase-specific inhibitor and has some amino acid sequence homology with Ras. Ras has a CAAX motif (C, cysteine; A, aliphatic amino acid; X, any amino acid) at the carboxyl terminus, which is indispensable for the biological activity. Thus, cystatin alpha carrying a CAAX motif (cystatin alpha-CVLS) was examined. A v-Ha-Ras deletion mutant, Ras delta 42-49, has undetectable GTP binding activity, yet it retains a similar protease inhibitory activity to that of wild-type v-Ras. These genes were inserted into a eukaryotic inducible expression vector and transfected into NIH3T3 cells. The expression was effectively induced by treatment with a glucocorticoid hormone, dexamethasone. The expression of cystatin alpha-CVLS or Ras delta 42-49 alone induced neither transformation nor morphological changes. However, when their expression was induced in the presence of a tumor-promoting phorbol ester, a remarkable increase in the anchorage-independent growth was observed in cystatin alpha-CVLS- and Ras delta 42-49-transfected clones. These results suggest that cysteine proteinase inhibitors and a tumor promoter synergistically transformed NIH3T3 cells. It is thus possible that the cysteine proteinase-inhibitory activity of Ras might play a key role in the early stage of carcinogenesis.
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PMID:Synergistic induction of anchorage-independent growth of NIH3T3 mouse fibroblasts by cysteine proteinase inhibitors and a tumor promoter. 862 72

Activation of Jun-N-kinases (JNK) is stimulated by diverse agents including UV-irradiation, heat shock, tumor necrosis factor and osmotic shock. In the present study we have elucidated the effect of the organoselenium chemopreventive agent 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene)selenocyanate (p-XSC, on UV-mediated JNK activation. Using mouse fibroblasts as a model cell system we found that low concentrations (1-10 microM range) of p-XSC did not affect JNK activity, yet were capable of potentiating JNK activity when administered prior to UV-irradiation. While higher doses of p-XSC have minimal effect on JNK activation, when combined with UV, there is a dose-dependent decrease in JNK activation. Similar to its effects on JNK, p-XSC is a potent inducer of src-related tyrosine kinases. p-XSC mediated changes in JNK activation correlate with its ability to potentiate the association of JNK with p21ras, in a manner similar to that we have previously observed with GTP or sodium vanadate. That p-XSC can modulate JNK activities points to a possible mechanism by which it contributes to the cell's ability to cope with stress.
Carcinogenesis 1996 Sep
PMID:Effects of chemopreventive selenium compounds on Jun N-kinase activities. 882 5

The actin cytoskeleton is involved in numerous cellular functions such as cell motility, mitogenesis, morphology, muscle contraction, cytokinesis, and establishment of cell polarity. The members of the Rho subfamily of small GTP-binding proteins emerge as key regulators of cytokeleton organization. Rho, Rac, and CDC42 are implicated in the regulation of actin microfilament organization of different cell structures, such as stress fibers linked to focal adhesions and membrane ruffles induced by extracellular stimuli. Rho proteins also regulate the activity of several enzymes involved in the formation of phospholipid derivatives, which could mediate their effect on the cytoskeleton. The activity of Rho proteins is regulated by many nucleotide exchange factors and GTPase-activating proteins, some of which are oncogene products, and other disease-associated proteins. The potential role of these small GTP-binding proteins in carcinogenesis is suggested by the actin reorganization seen in transforming cells and by the need for functional Rho proteins in Ras mitogenic activation.
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PMID:Regulation of cytoskeletal functions by Rho small GTP-binding proteins in normal and cancer cells. 894 66

The Rho family belongs to the Ras-related small GTP-binding protein (G protein) superfamily and regulates various cell functions in which the actomyosin system is involved, including cell morphology, membrane ruffling, cell motility, cell aggregation, cytokinesis, smooth muscle contraction, and yeast budding. Three GDP/GTP exchange proteins (GEPs), named Smg GDS, Dbl, and Rho GDI, and two GTPase activating proteins (GAPs), named Rho GAP and p190 associated with Ras GAP, have been identified. The Rho activity is likely to be regulated by protein kinase C which is linked through phospholipase C to the tyrosine kinase-type membrane receptors and the heterotrimeric G protein-linked receptors. It is likely that both Ras and Rho receive signals from the membrane receptors through different pathways and transduce signals to genes and cytoskeleton, respectively. In carcinogenesis, mutational activation of any component in the Ras signaling pathway may cause abnormal cell proliferation, whereas mutational activation of any component in the Rho signaling pathway may cause invasiveness and metastasis of carcinoma cells.
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PMID:Rho small G protein and cytoskeletal control. 898 86


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