Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0596263 (carcinogenesis)
 64,820 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The toxin VacA produced by Helicobacter pylori is an important determinant of virulence. VacA causes vacuolation of cultured cells such as HeLa cells. Iodine, nitrite, sodium chloride, thiocyanate and fungus toxin sterigmatocystin are universally present in nature and could possibly be related to carcinogenesis of the stomach. The present study was designed to examine the effects of the above-mentioned compound on VacA-induced vacuolation of HeLa cells, which was quantitated using the neutral red uptake assay. VacA-induced vacuolation was inhibited by BafA1 and NPPB. Formation of large vacuoles was inhibited in the presence of iodine, nitrite, but enhanced by sodium chloride, thiocyanate, fluoride and sterigmatocystin. Our results indicate that VacA toxin may interact with other gastric cancer risk factors present naturally in the environment, and suggest that those compounds may modulate the development of gastric cancer induced by H. pylori.
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PMID:Inhibition of vacuolation toxin activity of Helicobacter pylori by iodine, nitrite and potentiation by sodium chloride, sterigmatocystin and fluoride. 1220 20

The effects of lycopene on blood oxidant-antioxidant balance during N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG)-induced gastric carcinogenesis in the presence of saturated sodium chloride (S-NaCl) as promoting agent were investigated. Enhanced lipid peroxidation in the blood of tumour-bearing animals was accompanied by significant decreases in the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), ascorbic acid and vitamin E and the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and glutathione reductase (GR). Administration of lycopene significantly lowered the concentrations of lipid peroxides and enhanced antioxidant levels. We suggest that the modulatory effects of lycopene on the blood oxidant-antioxidant balance may be responsible for its chemopreventive potential.
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PMID:Antiperoxidative effects of lycopene during N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine-induced gastric carcinogenesis. 1249 Feb 18

The effect of prolonged administration of iron chelator phenanthroline on sodium chloride-enhanced gastric carcinogenesis induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, and the labeling and apoptotic indices in the gastric cancers was investigated in Wistar rats. After 25 weeks of carcinogen treatment, the rats were given chow pellets containing 10% sodium chloride and intraperitoneal injections of phenanthroline at doses of 15 or 30 mg/kg body weight every other day. At week 52, feeding of sodium chloride significantly increased the incidence of gastric cancers, as compared with the control group. Prolonged injections of phenanthroline at both doses significantly reduced the incidence of gastric cancers, which was enhanced by oral supplementation with sodium chloride. Phenanthroline at both doses significantly decreased the labeling index of gastric cancers, which was enhanced by sodium chloride, and significantly increased the apoptotic index of gastric cancers, which was lowered by sodium chloride. In vitro examination using electron spin resonance revealed that sodium chloride promotes the production of hydroxyl radical during Fe(2+) oxidation by Fenton's reaction. These findings suggest that enhancement by sodium chloride of gastric carcinogenesis may be mediated by hydroxyl radicals.
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PMID:Suppression by iron chelator phenanthroline of sodium chloride-enhanced gastric carcinogenesis induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in Wistar rats. 1260 4

4,4'-Diamino-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid, disodium salt, is used in the synthesis of dyes and optical brighteners or fluorescent whitening agents. Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies were conducted by administering the chemical (approximately 14% water, 6% sodium chloride, 4% impurities, and 76% 4,4'-diamino-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid) in feed to groups of F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice of each sex for 14 days, 13 weeks, and 2 years. Genetic toxicology studies were conducted in Salmonella typhimurium and Chinese hamster ovary cells. 14-Day Studies: Groups of five rats and five mice of each sex were given 0, 6,250, 12,500, 25,000, 50,000, or 100,000 ppm 4,4'-diamino-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid, disodium salt, in feed for 14 days. All rats and mice survived to the end of the studies. The mean body weight gain of male rats receiving 50,000 or 100,000 ppm and of female rats and male and female mice receiving 100,000 ppm was significantly lower than those of the respective controls. Clinical findings included diarrhea in the rats and mice receiving 100,000 ppm. There were no chemical-related changes in absolute or relative organ weights in rats or mice. There were no gross or microscopic lesions related to chemical administration in rats or mice. 13-Week Studies: Groups of 10 rats and 10 mice of each sex were given 0, 6,250, 12,500, 25,000, 50,000, or 100,000 ppm 4,4'-diamino-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid, disodium salt, in feed for 13 weeks. One female rat, six male mice, and one female mouse in the 100,000 ppm dose groups died during the studies. Mean body weight gain was significantly decreased in male rats and female mice receiving 50,000 or 100,000 ppm, in male mice receiving 25,000, 50,000, or 100,000 ppm, and in female rats receiving 100,000 ppm. Clinical findings in rats that received 50,000 or 100,000 ppm and in mice that received 100,000 ppm included diarrhea, emaciation, and hyperemia of the perineum. There were no biologically significant changes in absolute or relative organ weights or clinical pathology results in rats or mice. Histopathologic lesions present in rats receiving 100,000 ppm were bone marrow hypercellularity and chronic inflammation of the anus and rectum. Ulcerative inflammation of the anus and rectum was observed in mice receiving 25,000 ppm and above. Female mice in the 6,250, 12,500, 25,000, and 50,000 ppm dose groups had increased incidences of cystic endometrial hyperplasia. 2-Year Studies: Doses selected for the 2-year studies were based on mortality, decreased body weight gains, and the presence of diarrhea and chronic inflammation of the anus/rectum in rats and mice during the 13-week studies. Groups of 60 rats of each sex were given 0, 12,500 or 25,000 ppm and groups of 60 mice of each sex were given 0, 6,250, or 12,500 ppm 4,4'-diamino-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid, disodium salt, in feed for up to 103 weeks. Interim evaluations were performed on 10 rats and 10 mice from each dose group at 15 months. There were no biologically significant absolute or relative organ weight, clinical pathology, or histopathology findings in rats or mice administered 4,4'-diamino-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid, disodium salt, in feed for 15 months. Body Weight, Feed Consumption, Survival, and Clinical Findings in the 2-Year Studies: Mean body weights were marginally decreased for high-dose male and female rats and female mice. Feed consumption by dosed rats and mice was similar to feed consumption by the controls throughout the studies. Survival was similar among control and treated groups of rats and mice. No clinical findings related to chemical administration were observed in rats or mice. Nonneoplastic and Neoplastic Effects in the 2-Year Studies: There were no chemical-related increased incidences of neoplasms at any site in rats. Ulcers of the forestomach or glandular stomach occurred in dosed rats (males: 1/50, 5/50, 4/50; females: 0/50, 1/50, 4/50), and may have been related to the administration of 4,4'-diamino-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid, disodium salt. There were no chemical-related incidences ohemical-related incidences of neoplasms, nonneoplastic lesions, or other toxic effects in mice in the 2-year studies. Although the animals might have been able to tolerate slightly higher doses, results of the 13-week studies indicate that a doubling of the highest doses could not have been tolerated. Genetic Toxicology: 4,4'-Diamino-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid was not mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA100, TA1535, TA1537, or TA98 with or without S9 metabolic activation. 4,4'-Diamino-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid did not induce sister chromatid exchanges or chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster ovary cells in the presence or absence of S9. Conclusions: Under the conditions of these 2-year feed studies, there was no evidence of carcinogenic activity of 4,4'-diamino-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid, disodium salt, in male or female F344/N rats receiving 12,500 or 25,000 ppm. There was no evidence of carcinogenic activity of 4,4'-diamino-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid, disodium salt, in male or female B6C3F1 mice receiving 6,250 or 12,500 ppm. Synonyms: Amsonic acid; diaminostilbene disulphonate (DASD); 2,2'-(1,2-ethenediyl)bis[5-amino-benzenesulfonic acid]; 2,2'-disulfo-4,4'-stilbenediamine; 2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid; 4,4'-diamino-2,2'-benzenesulfonic acid; 2,2'-(1,2-ethenediyl)bis(5-amino-) diaminostilbenedisulfonic acid; flavonic acid; p,p'-diaminostilbene-o,o'-disulfonic acid; 4,4'-diaminostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid
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PMID:Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of 4,4'-Diamino-2,2'-Stilbenedisulfonic Acid Disodium Salt (CAS No. 7336-20-1) in F344 Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Feed Studies). 1262 18

Conventional linoleic acid (LA) is regarded as a promotor of carcinogenesis. However, the effect of its conjugated derivative on cancer is still unknown. Therefore we investigated the influence of conventional and conjugated LA on tumor growth and lipid peroxidation in a solid model of pancreatic adenocarcinoma in Syrian hamsters. 60 male hamsters were randomized in 4 groups (Gr.) (n=15). Gr. 1 and 2 received 0.5 ml 0.9% sodium chloride subcutaneously (s.c.) once a week while Gr. 3 and 4 were injected 10 mg N-nitrosobis-2-oxopropylamine (BOP)/kg body weight weekly for 12 weeks to induce pancreatic cancer. Gr. 1 and 3 received a diet containing conventional LA, Gr. 2 and 4 were fed a diet of conjugated LA. After 29 weeks all animals were sacrificed, pancreas was weighed and examined macroscopically and histologically. The level of lipid peroxidation and activities of glutathion peroxidase and superoxide dismutase were determined in tumor-free as well as in pancreatic carcinoma tissue. Different diets did not influence the incidence of pancreatic carcinoma, however, pancreas weight was increased by conjugated LA compared to conventional LA. Furthermore both diets decreased the activity of glutathion peroxidase and increased the level of lipid peroxidation in pancreatic intratumoral tissue. The content of conjugated LA in dietary did not influence pancreatic tumor growth in a solid model of pancreatic adenocarcinoma in Syrian hamsters.
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PMID:Influence of conjugated and conventional linoleic acid on tumor growth and lipid peroxidation in pancreatic adenocarcinoma in hamster. 1287 53

We investigated the chemopreventive effect of S-allylcysteine (SAC), a water-soluble garlic constituent against gastric carcinogenesis induced in male Wistar rats by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and saturated sodium chloride (S-NaCl). The animals were divided into four groups of six animals. Rats in groups 1 and 2 were administered MNNG (200 mg/kg body weight) on days 0 and 14 as well as S-NaCl (1 mL/rat) three days during weeks 0 to 3, and thereafter placed on basal diet until the end of the experiment. Rats in group 2 in addition received SAC (200 mg/kg body weight) three times per week starting on the day following the first exposure to MNNG and continued until the end of the experimental period. Group 3 animals were given SAC alone as in group 2. Group 4 animals received basal diet and tap water throughout the experiment and served as the untreated control. The animals were sacrificed after an experimental period of 21 weeks. Measurement of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants of the glutathione redox cycle in the stomach tissue, liver and venous blood was used to monitor the chemopreventive potential of SAC. All animals that received MNNG and S-NaCl alone, developed tumours, identified histologically as squamous cell carcinomas. In the tumour tissue, diminished lipid peroxidation was accompanied by increase in reduced glutathione (GSH) and GSH-dependent enzymes, whereas in the liver and circulation, enhanced lipid peroxidation was associated with antioxidant depletion. Administration of SAC suppressed the incidence of MNNG+S-NaCl-induced gastric tumours as revealed by the absence of carcinomas. SAC ameliorated MNNG-induced decreased susceptibility of the gastric mucosa to lipid peroxidation, whilst simultaneously increasing the antioxidant status. In the liver and blood, SAC reduced the extent of lipid peroxidation and significantly enhanced antioxidant activities. We suggest that SAC exerts its chemopreventive effects by modulating lipid peroxidation and enhancing GSH-dependent antioxidants in the target organ as well as in the liver and blood.
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PMID:Effect of S-allylcysteine on oxidant-antioxidant status during N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and saturated sodium chloride-induced gastric carcinogenesis in Wistar rats. 1467 76

Combination chemoprevention by diet-derived agents that induce apoptosis is a promising strategy to control gastric cancer, the second most common malignancy worldwide. The present study was undertaken to investigate the apoptosis-inducing potential of a combination of S-allylcysteine (SAC), an organosulphur constituent of garlic and lycopene, a tomato carotenoid during N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitroso-guanidine (MNNG) and saturated sodium chloride (S-NaCl)-induced gastric carcinogenesis in Wistar rats using the apoptosis-associated proteins Bcl-2, Bax, Bim, caspase 8 and caspase 3 as markers. Animals administered MNNG followed by S-NaCl developed squamous cell carcinomas of the stomach associated with increased Bcl-2 expression and decreased expression of Bax, Bim, caspase 8 and caspase 3. Although SAC and lycopene alone significantly suppressed the development of gastric cancer, administration of SAC and lycopene in combination was more effective in inhibiting MNNG-induced stomach tumours and modulating the expression of apoptosis-associated proteins. Our results suggest that induction of apoptosis by SAC and lycopene combination represents one of the possible mechanisms that could account for their synergistic chemopreventive activity against gastric cancer.
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PMID:Combination of S-allylcysteine and lycopene induces apoptosis by modulating Bcl-2, Bax, Bim and caspases during experimental gastric carcinogenesis. 1603 Apr 30

Combination chemoprevention by diet-derived agents is a promising strategy for protection against gastric cancer. We therefore evaluated the combined chemopreventive effect of S-allylcysteine (SAC), an organosulfur constituent of garlic, and lycopene, a major carotenoid present in tomatoes, against N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and saturated sodium chloride (S-NaCl)-induced gastric carcinogenesis in Wistar rats. The animals were divided into eight groups of six animals each. Rats in group 1 were given MNNG by intragastric intubation on days 0 and 14 as well as S-NaCl every 3 days during weeks 0-3. Animals in groups 2-4, administered MNNG and S-NaCl as in group 1, received in addition SAC and lycopene alone and in combination, respectively, three times per week starting on the day following the first exposure to MNNG. Groups 5-7 were given the chemopreventive agents alone, whereas group 8 served as controls. The animals were sacrificed after an experimental period of 21 weeks. Measurement of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants of the glutathione redox cycle in the stomach, liver, and erythrocytes was used to monitor the chemopreventive potential of SAC and lycopene. In the tumor tissue, diminished lipid peroxidation was accompanied by an increase in reduced glutathione (GSH) and GSH-dependent enzymes, whereas in the liver and erythrocytes, enhanced lipid peroxidation was associated with antioxidant depletion. Although SAC and lycopene alone significantly suppressed the development of gastric cancer, administration of SAC and lycopene in combination was more effective in inhibiting MNNG-induced stomach tumors and modulating the redox status in the tumor and host tissues. The results of the present study validate the hypothesis that diet-derived chemopreventive agents such as SAC and lycopene in combination may interact synergistically with high efficacy and lessened toxicity against gastric cancer.
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PMID:Combination chemoprevention of experimental gastric carcinogenesis by s-allylcysteine and lycopene: modulatory effects on glutathione redox cycle antioxidants. 1637 61

Naringenin is a flavanone that is believed to have many biological actions, including as an anti-oxidant, free radical scavenger and an antiproliferative agent. The global incidence of gastric carcinoma is increasing rapidly, more than for any other cancer. Therefore, in the present study, we tested the effects of naringenin on gastric carcinogenesis induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and saturated sodium chloride (S-NaCl) in rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into five groups and treated over a period of 20 weeks as follows: (i) a control group given corn oil (1 mL/rat, p.o.) daily 20 weeks; (ii) 200 mg/kg, p.o., MNNG on Days 0 and 14 with S-NaCl (1 mL/rat) administered twice a week for the first 3 weeks; (iii) 200 mg/kg, p.o., MNNG on Days 0 and 14, with naringenin (200 mg/kg, p.o., daily) treatment for the entire 20 weeks; (iv) 200 mg/kg, p.o., MNNG on Days 0 and 14, with naringenin treatment (200 mg/kg, p.o., daily) initiated from 6 to 20 weeks; (v) 200 mg/kg, p.o., naringenin alone daily for 20 weeks. In Group II rats in which gastric cancer was inducted with MNNG and S-NaCl, there was a significant increase in hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation levels, with decreases in reduced glutathione, oxidized glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase. In addition, in Group II rats with gastric cancer, there were significant increases in the activity of cytochrome P450, cytochrome b(5) and NADPH cytochrome c reductase, with concomitant decreases in the activity of the phase II enzymes glutathione S-transferase and UDP-glucuronosyl transferase. Naringenin treatment (Groups III and IV) restored enzyme activity to near control levels. These results indicate that naringenin has a chemopreventive action against MNNG-induced gastric carcinoma in experimental rats.
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PMID:Modulatory effect of naringenin on N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine- and saturated sodium chloride-induced gastric carcinogenesis in male Wistar rats. 1856 95

Colon cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths in developed countries due to the absence of tumor specific markers for early diagnosis of the disease, providing adequate sensitivity. Search for diagnostic markers of various types of cancer by proteomic approaches has been limited by large differences in protein centration. We used preliminary extraction of major cellular proteins by 0.2 M sodium chloride in presence of nonionic detergent NP-40 in order to raise the sensitivity of the 2D PAGE detection of low-abundant soluble proteins, some of which may penetrate in blood circulation during carcinogenesis. Application of this procedure prior to 2D comparative analysis of proteomes of normal tissues and matched colon cancer specimens led to selection of ten proteins, which are frequently overexpressed in colon adenocarcinomas. Mass-spectrometric identification of selected proteins led to discovery of two novel protein markers of colon tumors--TAF9 and CISH. Low level of CISH expression in various tissues suggests that it is a novel prospective marker for diagnosis of colon cancer.
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PMID:[Proteomic expression analysis of human colorectal cancer: of soluble overexpressed proteins]. 1980 22


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