Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0546837 (esophageal cancer)
 8,907 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This study reports the concentrations of copper, zinc, iron and calcium in wheat and maize from high risk area Linzhou and low risk area Yuzhou of esophageal cancer and three nitrogen compounds of four types of drinking water in Linzhou. The results showed that the concentrations of zinc and calcium in wheat and maize from Linzhou were significantly lower than these from Yuzhou, the copper concentrations in grains were higher and the iron in maize was lower. The nitrate-N concentrations in four types of drinking water from Linzhou were below the national standard but the nitrite and NH3-N concentrations were higher than the national limits. The results suggest that the low concentrations of zinc, iron and calcium and high concentrations of copper in grains as well as the high concentrations of nitrite and NH3-N may be related to the etiology of esophageal cancer.
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PMID:[Determination of copper, zinc, iron and calcium in wheat and maize and three nitrogen compounds in high and low risk areas of esophageal cancer]. 1068 44

Herbs as alternative cancer therapies have attracted a great deal of recent attention due to their low toxicity and costs. In this study, the antitumor activity and anticachectic effect of Coptidis rhizoma, an anti-inflammatory herb, were investigated in nude mice carrying a human esophageal cancer cell line YES-2, which constitutively secretes interleukin-6 (IL-6) and induces cachexia when injected into these mice. In this study, in vivo growth of YES-2 cells was not affected by an oral supplement containing the extract powder of C. rhizoma at a final concentration of 1% (CR supplement). However, in comparison with normal diet, CR supplement significantly attenuated weight loss of tumor-bearing mice without a change in food or water intake. Tumor IL-6 levels were significantly lower in mice treated with CR supplement than in control mice (P<0.001). Serum IL-6 was detectable in four (50%) of eight control mice; IL-6 was not detected in mice treated with CR supplement. We also confirmed that berberine (8-32 microM), a major component of C. rhizoma, dose-dependently inhibited secretion of IL-6 by YES-2 cells in vitro. Moreover, reverse transcription-PCR assay showed that treatment of YES-2 cells with berberine (8-32 microM) for 24 h reduced IL-6 mRNA expression. Our results suggest that C. rhizoma may have an anticachectic effect on esophageal cancer and an effect is associated with the ability of berberine to down-regulate tumor IL-6 production.
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PMID:Anticachectic effects of Coptidis rhizoma, an anti-inflammatory herb, on esophageal cancer cells that produce interleukin 6. 1094 May 6

Alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) is an irreversible inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase, the first enzyme in polyamine synthesis. Previous work showed simultaneous administration of DFMO and a zinc-deficient (ZD) diet to weanling rats from the beginning inhibited the onset of zinc-deficiency-induced esophageal cell proliferation by activating apoptosis and reduced the incidence of N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine (NMBA)-induced esophageal cancer. Because esophageal cancer initiation by NMBA is very rapid in ZD rats, this study determined whether DFMO is effective in preventing esophageal carcinogenesis when administered after the establishment of a carcinogenic environment. Weanling rats were given a ZD diet for 5 weeks to establish sustained increased esophageal cell proliferation and then an intragastric dose of NMBA. Thereafter, 20 rats were switched to DFMO-containing water while nine control ZD animals remained on deionized water; all of the animals continued on the ZD diet. Esophagi were collected 15 weeks later. The upper portion was processed for immunohistochemical analysis of cell proliferation, apoptosis, and expression of related genes, and the lower was processed for polyamine content. DFMO substantially reduces the levels of esophageal putrescine and spermidine and esophageal tumor incidence from 89 to 10% in ZD rats. Importantly, DFMO-treated ZD esophagi display increased rate of apoptosis accompanied by intense bax expression and greatly reduced cell proliferation by proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression. In addition, the p16(ink4a)/retinoblastoma control at G1 to S, deregulated in ZD esophagi, is restored after DFMO treatment. These results demonstrate that DFMO, a highly effective chemopreventive agent in esophageal carcinogenesis, reverses and counteracts esophageal cell proliferation/cancer initiation in ZD animals by way of stimulating apoptosis.
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PMID:Alpha-difluoromethylornithine induction of apoptosis: a mechanism which reverses pre-established cell proliferation and cancer initiation in esophageal carcinogenesis in zinc-deficient rats. 1130 87

Endoscopic mucosal resection of the esophagus was found to be safe and easy to perform. Efforts must be made to detect early m1 to m2 cancers, which are indicated for EEMR. It is necessary to perform periodic endoscopic examination. During endoscopic examination, it is important to wash the inside of the esophagus with water and perform careful observation. Also, in high-risk patients and patients with abnormalities, such as erythema, turbidity, or hypervascularity, iodine staining should be performed frequently. Patients at high risk for esophageal cancer include (1) men more than 55 years old who are heavy smokers and drinkers; (2) patients with cancer of the head and neck region; and (3) individuals with a family history of cancer and those with achalasia, corrosive esophagitis, or Barrett's esophagus.
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PMID:Endoscopic mucosal resection for mucosal cancer in the esophagus. 1177 47

There is increasing concern regarding the need to establish guidelines for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. This applies to the reliability of the diagnosis of early cancer, tolerance, and the need to reduce the use of conscious sedation in order to contain costs--one reason why nasogastroscopy with a thin fiberscope is being applied with increasing success. Recent advances that have been made in the early diagnosis of esophageal and gastric tumors now require high-resolution video gastroscopes and the routine use of chromoscopy. For a long time, the helpful contribution made by the zoom video endoscope to the identification of the pit pattern in neoplastic lesions was limited to the colon. However, the most recent zoom endoscopes, with improved mechanical characteristics and a standard diameter, have now opened up relevant applications in the analysis of early esophageal or gastric malignancies. The best example of this is the identification of the pit pattern in intestinal metaplasia in Barrett's esophagus, although the classification of the pit pattern in upper gastrointestinal neoplasia is still being investigated. Spectroscopic analysis of the response of neoplastic tissue to an applied photon beam has been hampered by the complex origins of the efferent photons. Recent technology, available only through a physical laboratory allows simultaneous analysis of fluorescence, reflectance, and light scattering. In this situation, the method has obtained sensitivity and specificity rates of nearly 100% in classifying low-grade dysplasia, high-grade dysplasia, and cancer in Barrett's esophagus. With regard to depth exploration in the wall of the digestive tract, endosonographic examination using a high-frequency probe (20-30 MHz) may be challenged in the future by the technique of optical coherence tomography, a method that does not require acoustic transmission through water and provides a much higher resolution, of up to 10 microm. Optical coherence tomography could be used in the staging of intramucosal esophageal cancer and for detecting intestinal metaplasia in the esophagus. In conclusion, the increasing progress being made in the accuracy of endoscopic diagnosis emphasizes the need for cost-benefit analyses of screening and surveillance protocols.
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PMID:Diagnosis of esophagogastric tumors. 1182 8

Excessive alcohol consumption is associated epidemiologically with an elevated risk of esophageal cancer. In this study, we examined the effects of simultaneous administration of ethanol on N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine (NMBA)-induced rat esophageal tumorigenesis. Groups 1-3 were treated with NMBA at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg body weight (high dose), and groups 4-6 received a dose of 0.1 mg/kg body weight (low dose), by s.c.-injection, 3 times per week for the first 5 weeks. Groups 1 and 4 were given ethanol free water as controls. Groups 2 and 5 were treated with 10% ethanol in their drinking water only at the time of NMBA treatment, while groups 3 and 6 were administrated the supplement continuously up to the end of the experiment. Macroscopically, with high dose NMBA-initiation, simultaneous 5-week and continuous 24-week ethanol administration demonstrated a tendency to increase the incidence and multiplicity of tumors, and also microscopically the multiplicity of papillary hyperplasias. In low dose groups, the incidence of esophageal papillary hyperplasias was significantly increased by continuous 24-week ethanol administration. Immunohistochemistry, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) positive indices tended to be increased in tumors by simultaneous 5-week and continuous 24-week ethanol administration, but cyclin D1 expression was not affected. These data suggest that simultaneous ethanol administration have weak enhancing effects, and also promoting effects in post-initiation phase is present on NMBA-induced rat tumorigenesis.
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PMID:Weak enhancing effects of simultaneous ethanol administration on chemically induced rat esophageal tumorigenesis. 1216 75

Squamous cancers of the oral cavity and esophagus are common worldwide, but no good genetically based animal model exists. A number of environmental factors as well as genetic alterations have been identified in these cancers, yet the specific combination of genetic events required for cancer progression remains unknown. The Epstein-Barr virus ED-L2 promoter (L2) can be used to target genes in a specific fashion to the oral-esophageal squamous epithelium. To that end, we generated L2-cyclin D1 (L2D1(+)) mice and crossbred these with p53-deficient mice. Whereas L2D1(+) mice exhibit a histologic phenotype of oral-esophageal dysplasia, the combination of cyclin D1 expression and p53 deficiency results in invasive oral-esophageal cancer. The development of the precancerous lesions was significantly reversed by the application of sulindac in the drinking water of the L2D1(+)/p53(+/-) mice. Furthermore, cell lines derived from oral epithelia of L2D1(+)/p53(+/-) and L2D1(+)/p53(-/-) mice, but not control mice, formed tumors in athymic nude mice. These data demonstrate that L2D1(+)/p53(+/-) mice provide a well-defined, novel, and faithful model of oral-esophageal cancer, which allows for the testing of novel chemopreventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic approaches.
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PMID:A mouse model of human oral-esophageal cancer. 1223 7

The possible association between the risk of esophageal cancer and the levels of calcium and magnesium in drinking water from municipal supplies was investigated in a matched case-control study in Taiwan. All eligible esophageal-cancer deaths (2204 cases) of Taiwan residents from 1991 through 2000 were compared with a sample of deaths from other causes (2204 controls), and the levels of calcium and magnesium in the drinking water of these residents were determined. Data on calcium and magnesium levels in drinking water throughout Taiwan were obtained from the Taiwan Water Supply Corporation (TWSC). The control group consisted of people who died from other causes, and the controls were pair-matched to the cases by gender, year of birth, and year of death. Compared to those with magnesium levels below 7.0 mg/l, the adjusted odd ratios (95 per cent confidence interval (CI)) were 0.75 (0.62-0.91) for the group with water magnesium levels between 7.3 and 14.0 mg/l and 0.71 (0.57-0.88) for the group with magnesium levels of 14.3 mg/l or more. The adjusted odd ratios for the relationship between calcium levels in drinking water and esophageal cancer were not statistically significantly different from 1. The results of the present study show that there is a significant trend toward a decreased risk of esophageal cancer with increasing magnesium level in drinking water.
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PMID:Magnesium and calcium in drinking water and the risk of death from esophageal cancer. 1263 75

Endoluminal scanning under endoscopic guidance, or endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), has become the most significant advance for imaging the gastrointestinal (GI) tract wall and contiguous organs in the past 20 years. It was originally designed to overcome the limitations in humans to imaging the abdominal organs transabdominally, such as large penetration depths and GI air. This imaging modality provides detailed images of pathological processes both within and outside of the GI wall since a high-frequency transducer can be brought into close proximity with the target regions. It has found most success in humans for the staging of lung, gastric, and esophageal cancer, the detection of both lymphatic and hepatic metastases, and diagnosis of pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer, as well as achieving an important role in interventional and therapeutic procedures. The EUS examination can be performed to examine both the thorax and abdomen in animals when both conventional transthoracic or transabdominal ultrasound are inadequate due to intervening air, bone, large penetration depths, or obesity. The echoendoscope is similar to a conventional endoscope but has an ultrasound transducer at its tip. Both radial and linear multifrequency scanners are available. Linear scanners allow fine-needle aspiration (FNA) of the bowel wall or extraluminal structures. Transducer coupling is either by direct mucosal contact or by inflation of a water-filled balloon surrounding the transducer. Current thoracic applications for EUS in veterinary medicine include examination of the mediastinum, bronchial lymph nodes, esophagus, and pulmonary lesions as well as FNA of pulmonary masses. Abdominal applications include examination of both pancreatic limbs and the liver, including portosystemic shunts, detection of lymphadenomegaly, and examination of the gastric wall, duodenum, and jejunum. Other potential applications in dogs and cats include tumor staging and intrapelvic ultrasound.
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PMID:Endoscopic ultrasound instrumentation, applications in humans, and potential veterinary applications. 1470 50

Esophageal cancer incidence and mortality rates in Linxian, China are among the highest in the world. We examined risk factors for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), gastric cardia cancer (GCC), and gastric noncardia cancer (GNCC) in a population-based, prospective study of 29,584 adults who participated in the Linxian General Population Trial. All study participants completed a baseline questionnaire that included questions on demographic characteristics, personal and family history of disease, and lifestyle factors. After 15 years of follow-up, a total of 3,410 incident upper gastrointestinal cancers were identified, including 1,958 ESCC, 1,089 GCC and 363 GNCC. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate risks. Increased age and a positive family history of esophageal cancer (including ESCC or GCC) were significantly associated with risk at all 3 cancer sites. Additional risk factors for ESCC included being born in Linxian, increased height, cigarette smoking and pipe smoking; for GCC, male gender, consumption of moldy breads and pipe smoking; and for GNCC, male gender and cigarette smoking. Protective factors for ESCC included formal education, water piped into the home, increased consumption of meat, eggs and fresh fruits and increased BMI; for GCC, formal education, water piped into the home, increased consumption of eggs and fresh fruits and alcohol consumption; and for GNCC, increased weight and BMI. General socioeconomic status (SES) is a common denominator in many of these factors and improving SES is a promising approach for reducing the tremendous burden of upper gastrointestinal cancers in Linxian.
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PMID:Prospective study of risk factors for esophageal and gastric cancers in the Linxian general population trial cohort in China. 1545 78


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