Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0519030 (Klebsiella)
 21,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) is considered to mean at least 3 shapeless stool episodes within 2 or more consecutive days when using antibacterial agents. Due to the fact that antibiotics are used most commonly to treat many diseases, AAD is one of the topical problems for different clinical specialists. There has recently been increased interest in this condition due to its higher morbidity and mortality rates and the emergence of novel treatment-resistant virulent strains of Clostridium difficile 027 and 078/126. The paper discusses the possible risk of developing AAD depending on the class of the antibiotic used, as well as the mechanisms of its development. Infectious diarrhea most frequently results from bacterial overgrowth due to that the obligate intestinal microflora is suppressed by antibacterial drugs. C. difficile, Clostridium perfringers, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Klebsiella oxytoca, and Candida spp. are etiological factors in the development of this diarrhea. The severest intestinal lesions include pseudomembranous colitis (PMC) caused by C. difficile. The clinical and endoscopic picture and methods for the diagnosis and treatment of PMC are described. Therapy for this menacing condition is traditionally based on the use of metronidazole and vancomycin. In 2011, the US Food and Drug Administration approved the new drug fidaxomycin whose superiority over vancomycin has been demonstrated by a recurrence criterion. The paper discusses in detail other treatment options, including the use of probiotics.
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PMID:[Antibiotic-associated diarrhea in clinical practice]. 2365 46

Clostridium difficile is normally present in low numbers in a healthy adult gastro-intestinal tract (GIT). Drastic changes in the microbial population, e.g., dysbiosis caused by extensive treatment with antibiotics, stimulates the growth of resistant strains and the onset of C. difficile infection (CDI). Symptoms of infection varies from mild diarrhea to colitis (associated with dehydration and bleeding), pseudomembranous colitis with yellow ulcerations in the mucosa of the colon, to fulminant colitis (perforation of the gut membrane), and multiple organ failure. Inflamed epithelial cells and damaged mucosal tissue predisposes the colon to other opportunistic pathogens such as Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella oxytoca, Candida spp., and Salmonella spp. This may lead to small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), sepsis, toxic megacolon, and even colorectal cancer. Many stains of C. difficile are resistant to metronidazole and vancomycin. Vaccination may be an answer to CDI, but requires more research. Success in treatment with probiotics depends on the strains used. Oral or rectal fecal transplants are partly effective, as spores in the small intestine may germinate and colonize the colon. The effect of antibiotics on C. difficile and commensal gut microbiota is summarized and changes in gut physiology are discussed. The need to search for non-antibiotic methods in the treatment of CDI and C. difficile-associated disease (CDAD) is emphasized.
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PMID:Clostridium difficile, the Difficult "Kloster" Fuelled by Antibiotics. 3008 95


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