Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: UMLS:C0519030 (Klebsiella)
21,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

By means of a combination of 5 siderophore bioassays using several indicator strains, genera, species and subspecies of Enterobacteriaceae can be further differentiated. Enterobactin, aerobactin and other siderophores produced can be detected. Each strain shows specific pattern which we called siderophore-pattern. It is easy to separate Morganella, Proteus, Providencia, Yersinia strains from the genera Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Klebsiella, Serratia. Enterobacter agglomerans strains differ from other Enterobacter species with respect to their siderophore pattern. In Salmonella strains there are differences between the subspecies I and IV. Additionally the most strains of Salmonella subspecies I from nosocomial infections produced aerobactin, in the most cases determined by plasmids. Among Shigella strains different siderophore pattern exist according to other epidemiological markers. S. flexneri strains of serovar 6 produced contrary to the strains of other serovars enterobactin. By means of the siderophore-pattern analysis E. coli strains of serovars 01; 02; 018 can be further differentiated. E. coli 01:K1 strains containing the fimbrial antigen F11 produced aerobactin whereas the F9 strains did not. All Hafnia alvei strains produced a uniform siderophore pattern, different from all other members of the enterobacteriaceae family. With this aim Hafnia alvei strains can be easily separated under practical conditions.
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PMID:Further differentiation of Enterobacteriaceae by means of siderophore-pattern analysis. 297 Jan 95

In a study of the possible interaction between mecillinam and ceftazidime against Gram-negative bacilli, ten volunteers received on separate days: ceftazidime 20 mg/kg iv in 15 min, mecillinam 10 mg/kg iv in 15 min, or the combination. Blood samples were obtained before and 1 and 6 h after the end of the infusion. Ten strains each of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens, Citrobacter freundii, Salmonella spp. and Yersinia spp. and nine strains each of Acinetobacter spp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were selected. Most of the strains were resistant to ampicillin and cefazolin. Serum levels of ceftazidime and mecillinam were measured by bioassay. Serum bacteriostatic (SBS) and bactericidal (SBA) titration was done in microtitre plates in cation supplemented Mueller-Hinton broth and 50% human serum. Chequerboard titration was also studied to assess in-vitro synergy between ceftazidime and mecillinam in Mueller-Hinton broth with or without 50% serum. The mean serum concentrations (SD) were for mecillinam: 6.1 (1.7) at 1 h, and less than 0.3 at 6 h and for ceftazidime: 36.3 (5.5) at 1 h and less than 5 at 6 h. Identical concentrations were measured for the combination. By chequerboard titration, no synergy occurred for Acinetobacter spp. and Ps. aeruginosa, whereas it was observed in 37/60 (FIC) and 33/60 (FBC) of the strains of other species in Mueller-Hinton; from the strains showing synergy, 28/37 (FIC) and 30/33 (FBC) showed also synergy in Mueller-Hinton with 50% human serum. In SBS and SBA, on the other hand, the combination of mecillinam with ceftazidime showed an additive effect against most Enterobacteriaceae tested, synergy being shown for only 10-35% of tests.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Ceftazidime combined with mecillinam: serum bactericidal titres compared with in-vitro synergy against gram-negative bacilli. 304 67

The bacteriocidal efficacy of Purogene, a stabilized aqueous solution of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) was examined using bacteria of concern to public health. The organisms tested were: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Yersinia enterocolitica, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes Group A, Salmonella typhimurium and Bacillus subtilis. The test organisms responded differently to inactivation by Purogene. At least a 4 log reduction in bacterial counts was noted when Purogene was applied at a concentration of 0.75 mg/l. Since Purogene is a stabilized complex, it was necessary to provide a chemical environment suitable for the release of ClO2 in this solution. This was done by varying the pH of Purogene from 3.5 to 8.6 (pH of Purogene is 8.6) while keeping the pH of the experimental medium constant (pH 7.0). The results showed that Purogene was most efficacious at the lowest pH tested (pH 3.5). This indicates that as chlorine dioxide solutions were reduced to chlorite (which predominates at pH 8.6), their bacteriocidal efficacy was reduced, suggesting free chlorine dioxide as the active disinfecting species.
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PMID:Inactivation of bacteria by Purogene. 304 6

Serological studies on ankylosing spondylitis (AS; N = 82) show that although statistically more AS patients than controls (N = 24) may possess elevated serum titres to enterobacteria such as Salmonella, Shigella and Yersinia, this does not necessarily imply enterobacterial involvement in AS, as other groups without enteritis or arthropathies that frequent health care facilities (N = 72) may also display this phenomenon, presumably due to increased exposure. Moreover, an inventory of all detectable antibody reactivities to the separated cell envelope antigens of five enterobacterial species suspected of involvement in AS (notably Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Shigella and Yersinia) failed to reveal statistical associations with AS. This might be explained, assuming that the aetiology of AS entails a set of enterobacteria rather than a few individual species. It is proposed that serological studies on AS should be supported by additional information, e.g. that of the faecal carriage, and that these combined studies encompassing other enterobacteria, in addition to Klebsiella, might be fruitful.
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PMID:Antibodies to Enterobacteriaceae in ankylosing spondylitis. 309 49

Bi-directional selective breeding for antibody (Ab) responsiveness to heterologous erythrocytes (Selection I) produced a high (H) and a low (L) responder line of mice which were also remarkably separated for Ab responses to many unrelated natural antigens (Ags) such as heterologous proteins, viruses, bacteria, parasites and haptens carried by these immunogens. The character "quantitative Ab responsiveness" is controlled by several independently segregating loci (polygenic regulation). The major genetic modification is produced at the level of macrophage activities. The Ag is slowly catabolized and persists for a long time on the macrophage membrane of the H line, whereas it is rapidly destroyed in L line macrophages. The bactericidal and bacteriostatic activity of the macrophage is also strong in the L line and weak in the H line. The opposite genetic regulation of Ab responsiveness and macrophage activity is a fundamental phenomenon for understanding natural and vaccination-induced anti-infectious immunity. The L line is more resistant than the H line against the infections due to intracellular microorganisms (Salmonellae, Yersinia, Mycobacteria, Brucellae, Leishmania) where the macrophage plays the dominant defensive barrier. The H line is more resistant than the L line to the extracellular microorganisms which are efficiently counteracted by a strong antibody response (Pneumococcus, Klebsiella, Plasmodia, Trypanosoma). The intensity of T cell-mediated immunity as measured by delayed type hypersensitivity, which is independent of the genetic regulation of antibody responsiveness, is correlated with the degree of nonspecific inflammation produced at the site of the reaction by the Ag injection in non-sensitized mice.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Genetic regulation of the specific and non-specific component of immunity. 312 32

Lomefloxacin (SC-47111; NY-198) is a new difluoroquinolone agent. It inhibited 90% of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., Citrobacter spp., Proteus mirabilis, Morganella morganii, Proteus vulgaris, Serratia marcescens, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Aeromonas spp., Yersinia spp., Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae at less than or equal to 2 micrograms/ml. Lomefloxacin inhibited 90% of Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 4 micrograms/ml. Lomefloxacin was equal in activity to norfloxacin against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae but was twofold less active against Proteus spp., Providencia spp., Serratia marcescens, Salmonella spp., and Shigella spp. Ofloxacin was generally 2- to 4-fold more active, and ciprofloxacin was 4- to 16-fold more active. Lomefloxacin inhibited Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin-resistant isolates, but MICs for 90% of streptococcal species tested were 8 micrograms/ml. In the presence of 9 mM Mg2+, MICs for Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were increased, as they were when they were tested in urine. A single-step increase in resistance to eightfold above the MIC occurred at a frequency of less than 10(-10), but serial transfer of bacteria in the presence of the agent produced MIC increases. Lomefloxacin had activity and properties comparable to those of many of the new quinolones.
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PMID:In vitro activity of lomefloxacin (SC-47111; NY-198), a difluoroquinolone 3-carboxylic acid, compared with those of other quinolones. 316 87

Mononuclear cells (MNC) were stimulated with different heat-treated gram-positive and -negative bacteria, and the lymphocyte subpopulation interaction, the proliferative response, and the immunoglobulin secretion were analyzed. It can be demonstrated that beta haemolytic streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus have a similar stimulation pattern: early stimulation of helper T cells, cell contacts of helper T cells and B cells, maximum proliferation on day 5 and 7, and Ig secretion peak on day 7. Klebsiella pneumoniae and Yersinia enterocolitica do not cause proliferation, while Ig secretion is seen on day 5. No cell contacts and no T cell stimulation are seen in the Klebsiella culture, whilst Yersinia causes slight helper T cell activation. In contrast, PHA induces strong T cell stimulation, proliferation and expansion of the suppressor T cell subpopulation. Leu 7-positive lymphocytes are not activated by any of these stimulants.
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PMID:Morphological differentiation of human lymphocyte subpopulations following polyclonal stimulation with bacteria and lectin. 316 39

The susceptibility of coliform bacteria and bacterial pathogens to free chlorine residuals was determined before and after incubation with amoebae and ciliate protozoa. Viability of bacteria was quantified to determine their resistance to free chlorine residuals when ingested by laboratory strains of Acanthamoeba castellanii and Tetrahymena pyriformis. Cocultures of bacteria and protozoa were incubated to facilitate ingestion of the bacteria and then were chlorinated, neutralized, and sonicated to release intracellular bacteria. Qualitative susceptibility of protozoan strains to free chlorine was also assessed. Protozoa were shown to survive and grow after exposure to levels of free chlorine residuals that killed free-living bacteria. Ingested coliforms Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter agglomerans, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Klebsiella oxytoca and bacterial pathogens Salmonella typhimurium, Yersinia enterocolitica, Shigella sonnei, Legionella gormanii, and Campylobacter jejuni had increased resistance to free chlorine residuals. Bacteria could be cultured from within treated protozoans well after the time required for 99% inactivation of free-living cells. All bacterial pathogens were greater than 50-fold more resistant to free chlorine when ingested by T. pyriformis. Escherichia coli ingested by a Cyclidium sp., a ciliate isolated from a drinking water reservoir, were also shown to be more resistant to free chlorine. The mechanism that increased resistance appeared to be survival within protozoan cells. This study indicates that bacteria can survive ingestion by protozoa. This bacterium-protozoan association provides bacteria with increased resistance to free chlorine residuals which can lead to persistence of bacteria in chlorine-treated water. We propose that resistance to digestion by predatory protozoa was an evolutionary precursor of pathogenicity in bacteria and that today it is a mechanism for survival of fastidious bacteria in dilute and inhospitable aquatic environments.
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PMID:Survival of coliforms and bacterial pathogens within protozoa during chlorination. 322 66

The in vitro activity of R-3746, an iminomethoxy aminothiazolyl cephalosporin with a CH2OCH3 moiety at position 3, was compared with those of other antibiotics. R-3746 inhibited the majority of hemolytic streptococci (groups A, B, C, F, and G) and Streptococcus pneumoniae at less than 0.06 micrograms/ml, which was comparable to the activity of amoxicillin, 2- to 8-fold more active than cefixime, and 16- to 64-fold more active than cefaclor and cephalexin. Ninety percent of beta-lactamase-producing Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria gonorrhoeae were inhibited at a concentration 0.25 micrograms/ml, but it was less active against Branhamella spp. It did not inhibit (MIC, greater than 16 micrograms/ml) enterococci, viridans group streptococci, or methicillin-resistant staphylococci. The MICs of R-3746 for 90% of strains tested for Escherichia coli; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Citrobacter diversus; Proteus mirabilis; and Salmonella, Shigella, and Yersinia spp. were less than or equal to 1 micrograms/ml. It was two- to eightfold less active than cefixime but was markedly superior to cefaclor, cephalexin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, and trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole. R-3746 inhibited 50% of Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Citrobacter freundii, Morganella spp., Providencia spp., Proteus vulgaris, and Serratia marcescens at less than or equal to 8 micrograms/ml. Pseudomonas spp. were resistant. Fifty percent of Clostridium spp. were inhibited by 0.5 micrograms/ml, but MICs for Bacteroides spp. were greater than 128 micrograms/ml. R-3746 was not appreciably hydrolyzed by most chromosomal and plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases.
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PMID:In vitro activity of an oral iminomethoxy aminothiazolyl cephalosporin, R-3746. 326 Jul 66

LY163892 is a new orally absorbed carbacephem. It inhibited Streptococcus pyogenes and Str. pneumoniae at less than or equal to 1 mg/l, but was less active against group B streptococci and groups C, F, G and bovis streptococci with MICs of 1 to 2 mg/l for most but as high as 8 mg/l for some isolates. MIC90 of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus was 8 mg/l, but greater than 128 mg/l for methicillin-resistant staphylococci. LY163892 had activity similar to cefaclor and cephalexin with MIC90 values of 16 mg/l for Escherichia coli, 8 mg/l for Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Yersinia enterocolitica, but was more active against Haemophilus influenzae, and Branhamella catarrhalis. It had no activity against Enterobacter, Providencia, Serratia, and Pseudomonas and Bacteroides spp. LY163892 was more rapidly lytic than cephalexin. It was hydrolyzed by a number of plasmid and chromosomal beta-lactamases. For TEM-1, the Km = 354.7 microM, Vmax = 2.5 microMoles/min/mg of protein, P99 Km = 24.3 microM, Vmax = 28.9 microM/min/micrograms of protein, Staph. aureus PC Km = 47.4 microM, Vmax = 2.7 microMoles/min/mg of protein. Overall it had beta-lactamase stability similar to cefaclor, less than cephalexin, and markedly less than cefuroxime.
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PMID:In-vitro activity and beta-lactamase stability of LY163892. 326 52


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