Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: UMLS:C0519030 (Klebsiella)
21,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

At the height of the United Kingdom influenza A epidemic in December 1989, three children receiving treatment for non-T cell acute leukaemia developed pancytopenia with concomitant influenza A infection. Bone marrow histology showed prominent marrow erythrophagocytosis by morphologically mature histiocytes, consistent with the picture of virus associated haemophagocytic syndrome (VAHS). In two cases there was an initial spontaneous recovery, though recurrence of VAHS developed in one case in association with a different viral infection (cytomegalovirus) following autologous bone marrow transplantation. The third child died from cardiorespiratory failure secondary to infection with influenza A and Klebsiella pneumoniae sepsis. It is suggested that influenza A should be added to the list of infective causative agents.
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PMID:Influenza A and the virus associated haemophagocytic syndrome: cluster of three cases in children with acute leukaemia. 203 Jan 47

A study of the antibiotic sensitivity patterns of nine pathogens isolated from bronchopulmonary infections was made using the disc diffusion method. Erythromycin, carbenicillin and chloramphenicol were in that sequence the drugs most effective against the Gram-positive cocci, followed by ampicillin to which however, 56% of the strains of staphylococcus aureus tested showed resistance. More than 95% of the strains of Haemophilus influenza were very susceptible to carbenicillin and chloramphenicol while over 70% were sensitive to ampicillin, penicillin G, and erythromycin. All strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa tested were sensitive to carbenicillin and gentamicin. Klebsiella pneumoniae was moderately sensitive to tetracycline, carbenicillin, streptomycin, gentamicin and septrin (co-trimoxazole). Sixty-seven percent of Escherichia coli were sensitive to septrin while 50% were susceptible to chloramphenicol, erythromycin and ampicillin. In general there was evidence that tetracycline, septrin, penicillin G, streptomycin and orbenin had become less effective against most of the respiratory tract pathogens. The study shows the necessity for the early identification of the aetiologic agents and their antibiotic sensitivity patterns so as to reduce the degree of wasteful polypharmacy or the development of high resistance rates in hospitals and their environments.
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PMID:In-vitro susceptibility patterns of some major respiratory tract pathogens in Nigeria to eleven selected antibiotics. 208 3

Parainfluenza 1 (Sendai) and influenza A virus pneumonitis cause severe lung damage, which, upon resolution, is followed by persistent alveolitis and parenchymal changes characterized by patchy consolidation and collagen deposition in the affected areas. To determine whether these long-term sequelae of the virus pneumonias are cumulative, mice were infected by aerosol inhalation with Sendai virus, influenza A virus, or Sendai followed 30 days later by influenza virus infection. At 90 days after the initial infection, mice were killed for assay of long-term parenchymal changes as quantitated lung hydroxyproline (Hpr) content, morphometric analysis, and total and differential lavage cell counts. Sendai virus infection did not alter the proliferation of influenza virus in the lungs as quantitated by infectious virus titers on Day 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 of influenza infection. At Day 90, lung Hpr content was cumulative in dual-infected mice, with a concomitant increase in the persistent alveolitis. To determine whether bacterial infections played a similar role in these long-term pulmonary sequelae, mice were infected by aerosol inhalation with either Staphylococcus aureus or Klebsiella pneumoniae or, during the course of influenza virus infection, superinfected with each of the bacteria. Sixty days after infection with K. pneumoniae alone, lung Hpr levels were significantly increased over those in noninfected control mice. Infection with S. aureus had no effect on the quantitated parameters of long-term lung damage. In influenza-infected mice superinfected with K. pneumoniae, lung Hpr content was significantly increased over that of S. aureus did not elevate any quantitated parameter of lung damage when compared with the virus alone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Sequential virus infections, bacterial superinfections, and fibrogenesis. 216 56

RU. 41 740, a glycoprotein extract from Klebsiella pneumoniae O1K2 strain was tested for its ability to enhance resistance of mice against influenza virus infection. Local (aerosol) and systemic (IP) routes of RU. 41 740 administration were compared for their effectiveness in protecting mice. When RU. 41 740 was administered prophylactically (10 mg/kg) via aerosol route (5 consecutive days before challenge), significant protection (P less than 0.0001) was conferred against lethal aerosol inoculation of influenza virus. Treated mice exhibited a reduced mortality, a decreased lung-to-body weight ratio and lower intrapulmonary virus titers. The main glycoprotein soluble fraction (RU. 41 821) was as active as the total glycoprotein extract (P less than 0.0001). Whereas the local (aerosol) route of administration was effective, the systemic (intraperitoneal) route of administration did not confer significant protection against an aerosol inoculum of virus. This finding suggests the important role of local immunity. The levels of interferon in the lavage fluids of immunized and infected mice suggest that interferon is not the main protective mechanism. The enhanced protection observed could be related to an augmented humoral or cell-mediated response within the lung.
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PMID:Enhanced resistance of mice against influenza virus infection after local administration of glycoprotein extracts from Klebsiella pneumoniae. 241 73

RU 41740, an immunomodulating compound extracted from Klebsiella pneumoniae, was previously shown to enhance mice resistance to bacterial and viral lung infections. To explore lung defense mechanisms, we studied the influence of RU 41740 aerosol treatment on the bronchoalveolar cell populations. Five successive daily RU 41740 aerosol treatments induced a large accumulation of leukocytes in the lungs 4h after the last treatment. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes predominated. The numbers of lymphocytes and monocytes rose significantly. A single RU 41740 aerosol treatment significantly raised the number of polymorphonuclears only. A luminol-dependent chemiluminescence assay was used to test the effect of RU 41740 on the opsonized zymosan induced response of alveolar macrophages. In vitro, addition of RU 41740 enhanced this chemiluminescence. After a single RU 41740 aerosol treatment of mice, the chemiluminescence of purified alveolar macrophages from these mice increased significantly. The protective effect of five daily RU 41740 aerosol treatments against influenza virus infection was believed to be due to the great intensity of the cellular response and the polymorphonuclear influx. The alveolar macrophage activation observed might also explain the enhanced resistance of mice to influenza virus infection.
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PMID:Effects of RU 41740 aerosol treatment on mouse bronchoalveolar cells, and protection afforded against influenza virus infection. 282 52

For many years now, the combination trimethoprim plus sulfamethoxazole (active ingredients of Bactrim) has proved to be an effective chemotherapeutic agent with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms, including beta-hemolytic streptococci, staphylococci, pneumococci, Haemophilus influenza, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella, Enterobacter and Citrobacter. In this comparative study, the antibacterial activity of the combination against 2,229 gram-negative and 1,338 gram-positive strains encountered in domiciliary practice was tested and compared with that of other commonly used antimicrobials. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined in microtitre plates using serial dilutions. With regard to the gram-negative strains, trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole, with an MIC90 of less than 2 mg/l for most isolates, was the most active substance apart from norfloxacin. The combination also had a powerful inhibitory effect on gram-positive strains, the MIC90 being between 2 and 4 mg/l for all strains except Staphylococcus epidermidis.
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PMID:In vitro activity of the combination trimethoprim plus sulfamethoxazole compared with that of other chemotherapeutic agents. 326 66

Pneumonia from bacterial and viral agents is the fourth leading cause of death in persons over age 65, accounting for 169.7 deaths per 100,000 persons per year. This high incidence of infection is the result of aging itself as well as age-related coexisting illnesses and their therapies. These factors combine to affect upper and lower respiratory tract host defenses adversely against invading pathogens. Gram-negative colonization of the oropharynx, followed by the spread of bacteria to the tracheobronchial tree, commonly precedes the development of pneumonia. Bacterial adherence is one important and modifiable pathogenetic factor that leads to colonization at both of these sites. Diagnosis of pneumonia in the elderly is often thwarted by difficulties in recognizing infection, as signs and symptoms differ from those observed in younger patients. Therapy is confounded by the frequent inability to obtain adequate culture material to establish a likely pathogen and by altered drug metabolism. In this instance epidemiologic data may be helpful in guiding therapy. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common pathogen in community patients, followed by Legionella pneumophila and enteric gram-negative bacilli. Hospitalized and institutionalized individuals are commonly infected with Klebsiella pneumoniae and other enteric gram-negative bacilli, and Legionella pneumophila and Streptococcus pneumoniae are also found. Because recognition of pneumonia may be difficult and therapy is fraught with problems, mortality is high in the elderly. Accordingly, serious attention must be paid to prevention. Prophylaxis includes the use of pneumococcal and influenza vaccines as well as careful attention to the patient's host defense status. Disease states leading to impairment of the immune system should be sought, and efforts should be made to improve host factors that assist the individual in removing invading pathogens.
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PMID:Pneumonia in the elderly. 351 64

Aerosol treatment with RU 41821, a glycoprotein extract from Klebsiella pneumoniae, was tested in mice for its effect on the kinetics of the induction of bronchoalveolar cells (i.e., alveolar macrophages, monocytes, lymphocytes, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes). RU 41821 led to an increase in the total number of bronchoalveolar cells. The largest increase was observed for polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and more moderate increases occurred in the numbers of alveolar macrophages, monocytes, and lymphocytes. The alveolar macrophages recruited in response to RU 41821 were activated, as indicated by luminol-dependent chemiluminescence in response to stimulation by opsonized zymosan. The effects of five RU 41821 aerosol treatments and those of a single treatment were further examined in vivo by aerosol infection of mice inoculated with a mouse-pathogenic influenza virus. The maximum protective effect was obtained after five once-a-day treatments and was correlated with the largest increase in the total number of bronchoalveolar cells.
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PMID:Enhancement of bronchoalveolar cell recovery and stimulation of alveolar macrophage chemiluminescence and resistance to influenza virus after treatment with RU 41821 aerosol. 361 24

Serum IgA, IgG and colostrum secretory IgA prepared from specimens pooled from a large number of human beings were shown to have measurable levels of antibodies against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella Pneumoniae, poliovirus, Coxsackie B virus, echovirus and influenza virus. Serum IgA exerted a bacteriostatic effect in vitro on E. coli and P. aeruginosa, which increased in the presence of the iron-binding proteins lactoferrin and transferrin. This bacteriostasis was reduced when the iron-binding proteins were saturated with iron. Similar results were obtained with IgG and secretory IgA. The bacteriostatic effect of serum IgA was also shown in vivo, in the peritoneal cavity of mice. The effect was suppressed by iron. Iron-chelating substances, siderophores, excreted by E. coli diminished the co-operative bacteriostatic effect of serum IgA and transferrin. Siderophore production by E. coli was inhibited in the presence of serum IgA, but not when serum IgA was deprived of specific antibody by absorption with E. coli. These results indicate that serum IgA has a potent bacteriostatic effect in co-operation with transferrin or lactoferrin because of the inhibitory effect of the specific antibody on siderophore production by E. coli.
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PMID:Antimicrobial effect of human serum IgA. 628 78

The increasing incidence of pneumonia caused by H. influenza and the problem of beta lactamase production (18% of strains in recent reports) are important considerations in the therapy of pneumonia. An antibiotic that is effective for these strains and other common respiratory pathogens will be useful for the therapy of pneumonia. Cefamandole nafate is a new cephalosporin antibiotic with an antimicrobial spectrum similar to cephalothin with increased activity against Escherichia coli, Proteus spp., Enterobacter spp., and Haemophilus influenzae. Seventeen patients with pneumonia presumed to be due to susceptible gram-negative organisms isolated from transtracheal aspirate or sputum were treated with 6 to 8 g/day of parenteral cefamandole nafate. Organisms isolated were Haemophilus influenzae in 6, E. coli in 3, Proteus mirabilis in 2, Klebsiella pneumoniae in 1, Serratia marcescens in 1 and mixed gram-negative rods in 4. The Serratia were resistant (MIC greater than 100 microgram/ml and 50 microgram/ml): other MIC's ranged from 0.2 to 6.2 microgram/ml; median 1.6 microgram/ml. Satisfactory clinical response (improvement in pulmonary function; resolution of infiltrate; decrease in temperature, sputum production and white count) was noted in 13 of 17 patients. Two patients died from their underlying disease. Adverse clinical reactions questionably related to cefamandole included SGOT rises in 3 and rash in one. Serum antibiotic levels were 22.0 to 88.0 microgram/ml (peak) and 1.1 to 12.5 microgram/ml (trough). Sputum levels were 0.27 to 2.5 microgram/ml. Cefamandole appears to be an effective antibiotic for treatment of gram-negative pneumonia caused by susceptible organisms.
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PMID:Cefamandole treatment of pulmonary infection caused by gram-negative rods. 701 May 35


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