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The initial examinations of prospective epidemiological studies of the same kind performed in random samples of 50-54 years old men from Moscow and Berlin showed the following prevalence rates (each first figure for Moscow, second for Berlin): ischaemic heart disease 14.4/13.6%, arterial hypertension 18.0/19.0%, intermittent claudication 6.9/3.4%, cigarette smoking 46.5/51.4%, overweight 22.9/21.9%, impaired glucose tolerance 36.6/42.5%. Hypercholesterolaemia (24.6/8.1%) was not comparable because different determination methods were used. In both population samples almost a half of IHD and 1/3-1/2 of hypertension cases were newly detected only by the study examinations. More than 80% of the 50-54 years old men showed the presence of one or more risk factors. The following significant relationships between disease groups and risk factors were found: for IHD, with hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance, and hypercholesterolaemia (Moscow only); for hypertension, with overweight, impaired glucose tolerance, and hypercholesterolaemia (Moscow only); for intermittent claudication, with cigarette smoking, impaired glucose tolerance, and hypercholesterolaemia (Moscow only). These comparative studies demonstrate the benefit and need of further common research and efforts for prevention and control of cardiovascular diseases.
Cor Vasa 1976
PMID:Prevalence of ischaemic heart disease, arterial hypertension and intermittent claudication, and distribution of risk factors among middle-aged men in Moscow and Berlin. 94 71

The paper presents the results of a primary medical examination and of a prospective, on the average 14-year follow-up study of the male population of Kaunas aged 45-59 years (n = 2452). The prevalence of overweight, according to the WHO criteria, was 48.7%, that of obesity 20.5%. With increasing body mass index (BMI) there occurred a statistically significant increase of main risk factors of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and of IHD itself. The results of the prospective study showed a U-shaped relationship between BMI and mortality from all cardiovascular diseases, and a J-shaped relationship between BMI and mortality from IHD and morbidity of acute myocardial infarction, respectively. The same relationship held true even after standardization of the level of all other risk factors using the multiple logistic function. Thus, the overweight was confirmed as an independent IHD risk factor in the given population.
Cor Vasa 1992
PMID:Prognostic value of body mass index in the development of cardiovascular diseases among Kaunas male population. 130 27

173 patients, aged 46.8 years on the average, were examined in the first 3 months after onset of angina pectoris. 97% of them presented at least one of risk factors (smoking, arterial hypertension, overweight, dyslipoproteinaemia), in 79% two or more risk factors were present simultaneously. A greater than 70% stenosis of one coronary artery was present in 51%, in 10% the stenosis was smaller than 70%, in 4% the coronary arteries were intact. In 131 patients without a history of myocardial infarction, vasospastic angina, overweight, and simultaneous presence of 3 or 4 risk factors occurred more frequently than in 42 patients with a history of myocardial infarction. In the first month, complications were registered only in patients with unstable angina pectoris (5 out of 41, i.e., 12%). During the later period of follow-up in 102 patients, complications occurred in 5% and complete clinical remission was registered in 35%. In patients with remission, positive exercise tests and haemodynamically significant stenoses of 2 or 3 coronary arteries were less frequently found on initial examination than in patients with sustained angina pectoris.
Cor Vasa 1990
PMID:New-onset angina pectoris: initial characteristics and results of a 6 to 12-month follow-up. 235 Sep 72

Screening examination of 12,191 students in their first year of study at medical faculties and technical institutes in Moscow, Kharkov, Alma-Ata and Tashkent showed the following prevalence of major risk factors of ischaemic heart disease among males and females: arterial hypertension: 4.6-17%; 1.2-6.5%; smoking: 20.2-41.0%; 0-3.5%; overweight 6.2-16.9%; 8.1-18.3%; low physical activity: 35.0-67.4%; 40.7-86.4%. Active intervention aimed at preventing the mentioned risk factors, carried out in Kharkov (2 years) and in Alma-Ata (1 year) led to a decrease in the prevalence of arterial hypertension and smoking, and to an increase in the degree of the student's physical activity, but did not have a demonstrable effect on the development of overweight.
Cor Vasa 1988
PMID:Epidemiology and possibility of prevention of ischaemic heart disease risk factors among students in various USSR regions. Programme and first results of All-Union Cooperative Study. 316 80

The authors compare the prevalence of risk factors of atherosclerosis and ischaemic heart disease (dyslipoproteinaemia, elevated arterial pressure, overweight, smoking, low physical activity) in representative samples of 11- and 14-year old school-children in Moscow, Novosibirsk and Tallin. The number of pupils subjected to medical examination totalled 3369; the respondence rate was 87-92%. There appeared a number of regional differences: the study in Moscow showed the highest prevalence of elevated arterial pressure and overweight, in Novosibirsk - hypertriglyceridaemia, in Tallin - hypercholesterolaemia. The most unfavourable situation was registered in school-children in Novosibirks. The authors conclude that when planning preventive measures among the population it is necessary to take into account regional specificities and differences in the intensity of risk factors in children populations.
Cor Vasa 1988
PMID:Epidemiological characteristics of dyslipoproteinaemia and certain other risk factors of atherosclerosis and ischaemic heart disease in 11- and 14-year children in different climatogeographic zones. Results of a cooperative study. 326 84

The effectiveness of preventive measures in populations subjected to a different degree of preventive activity was according to the dynamics of risk factors (RF) tested in the course of four years. Among 6619 examined men aged 40-59 years, a high incidence of RF (79.2%), their connection with ischaemic heart disease (IHD), and frequent simultaneous incidence of several RF even in subjects without IHD were found. The four-year preventive intervention programme was efficient as regards a decline in the incidence of arterial hypertension (AH) from 24.8% to 19.8%, and smoking from 40.1% to 30.6%, simultaneously with a decrease in the mean level of these RF; these favourable changes did not occur in the control group. Data are analysed concerning the percentage of normalization and the incidence of an elevated BP level, cholesterol and body weight. The study proved the possibility of preventively influencing the incidence of AH in the population, and showed the importance of applying preventive measures in subjects with "borderline" values of RF, such as AH and overweight.
Cor Vasa 1988
PMID:Risk factors dynamics in multifactorial prevention of ischaemic heart disease. 337 44

A comparison is made of two epidemiological studies conducted within an eight-year interval on randomly selected independent samples of male population aged 40-59 years in one of the municipal districts of Moscow. In the years 1975-1977, 3908 men (response rate 77.7%) were examined, in 1983-1984 1662 men (response rate 72.0%). The comparison concentrated on the detection of changes in the incidence of major risk factors of IHD: arterial hypertension, dyslipoproteinaemia, overweight, smoking. Over the period under review, the incidence of hypertension and overweight did not practically change, a statistically significant decrease occurred in the incidence of hypercholesterolaemia and hyperglyceridaemia; the incidence of hypo-alpha-cholesterolaemia did not change. A significant drop (by 10.2%) occurred in cigarette smoking.
Cor Vasa 1987
PMID:Changes in the incidence of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) risk factors among a male population without IHD aged 40-59 years after eight-year period (from 1975-1977 to 1983-1984). 343 44

Pupils of Moscow schools with normal and elevated arterial pressure were followed up over a period of 8 years. The study confirmed the existence of the "tracking" phenomenon in blood pressure. When identifying groups of children requiring constant medical control, it is necessary to take into account both the initial level of arterial pressure and the body mass, arterial pressure values at repeated measurement, and the family history. Elevated arterial pressure (greater than or equal to 140/90 mmHg) was present among boys more frequently than among girls (in twenty-years olds the respective proportions were 16.7 vs. 0.8%). Furthermore, a considerable stability of overweight (40-70%), frequent smoking (among twenty-years olds, nearly 60% of boys and 30% of girls are smokers), and low physical activity in nearly half of the investigated children were found. These results confirm the need for early prevention of the development and for control of risk factors of ischaemic heart disease.
Cor Vasa 1987
PMID:Development of main risk factors of ischaemic heart disease in children and adolescents (eight-year prospective study). 343 45

In a sample of 3,757 men aged 40-50 years, all employees of a large industrial plant, the authors studied the prevalence of several risk factors (RF) of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) in relationship to profession and education of probands. Blue collar workers were more frequently heavy smokers and regular alcohol consumers than white collars. Compared with other workmen professions a tendency towards a higher risk profile was present in employees doing strenuous manual work. These were heavier smokers, had higher blood pressure and serum cholesterol. Within white-collar professions a higher risk profile was observed in managers with high responsibility than in personnel of the research and development departments. The former were heavier smokers, had higher serum cholesterol and greater overweight. The education level was in indirect association with smoking, hypertension and obesity but correlated directly with regular alcohol consumption. Socio-economic factors evidently influence the prevalence of risk factors of IHD also in the Czech industrial population.
Cor Vasa 1986
PMID:Occupation and education in relation to risk factors of ischaemic heart disease in the male industrial population. 348 72

This study attempts to develop a general aetiological concept of essential hypertension by multidimensional investigation of its various risk factors in childhood and adolescence. The investigation is based on married couples and their children (609 parents and their 639 children, a total of 1248 persons), all of them chosen under special aspects. Familial and environmental characteristics of children and young people with hypertension are compared with those of normotensive volunteers of the same age. The multi-dimensionally interacting factors found to be associated with hypertension in children are: hypertension, diabetes and early infarction in relatives of the first or second degree as well as overweight at birth, obesity, nutritional patterns in the earliest and later stages of life, social environment and physical activity of the children and adolescents. The familial factors most likely lead to a predisposition to hypertension while environmental factors may subsequently contribute to its manifestation.
Cor Vasa 1985
PMID:Contribution to the pathogenesis of essential hypertension: a multivariate analysis of associated factors. 402 34


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