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The present study was undertaken in order to evaluate the nutritional status of young working children aged 8 to 18 years, working in workshops at Abou-El-Dardar industrial area in Alexandria Governorate. A total sample of 154 of young male workers were recruited from workshops. The nutritional status was assessed using anthropometric, dietary and biochemical criteria. The results of the study revealed that 45% of the working children were considered malnourished: 16% were wasted, 23% were stunted and 3% were both wasted and stunted and 3% were overweight. Analysis of nutrient intake revealed that the intakes were less than the recommended for energy, calcium, vitamin A, vitamin C and niacin, while the intake of protein, iron, thiamin and riboflavin were more than sufficient. About 77% of the young workers were found to have haemoglobin levels below the cut-off levels issued by WHO. A high prevalence of parasitic infection (food-borne) (72%) was found among young workers. The results also revealed that stunting, wasting and stunting together and overweight were more common in young workers who were both anaemic and had evidence of parasitic infection than those who were anaemic only or had parasitic infection only.
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PMID:Dietary patterns and nutritional assessment of working children at Abou El-Dardar industrial area in Alexandria City. 129 41

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether a weight reduction programme based on a lactovegetarian diet has any beneficial effects on the weight, nutrient intake, blood pressure and skinfold thickness of overweight subjects compared with a programme based on a balanced mixed diet. The subjects consisted of three groups of moderately overweight persons, with a mean age of 38 years and a mean overweight of 38 per cent. Two groups had a weight reduction programme for 1 year; group 1 (n = 31) had a 1200 kcal lactovegetarian diet and group 2 (n = 37) had an isocaloric mixed diet. Group 3 (n = 42) served as a control group which had no intervention. During the 1-year study period, group 1 lost 9.2 kg in weight, group 2 lost 10.4 kg and group 3 gained 1.6 kg in weight. Weight loss in both weight reduction groups was accompanied by a reduction in blood pressure, skinfold thickness and arm circumference. The results were slightly more favourable in the mixed diet group than in the lactovegetarian group. In the lactovegetarian group 7 persons were not able to follow the lactovegetarian diet throughout the whole year but ate some meat, fish and eggs during the latter part of the study year. The intake of fibre, vitamin C and calcium was greater and the intake of fat lower in the lactovegetarian than in the mixed diet group during the 1-year weight reduction period. The intake of most nutrients was above the recommended level in both weight reduction groups. The intake was somewhat below recommendations for niacin in the lactovegetarian group, for calcium in the mixed diet group and for iron for women in both groups. It seems desirable to recommend a low-calorie nutritionally well-balanced mixed diet, based on familiar foods and rich in vegetables, instead of a lactovegetarian diet, for long-term weight reduction of overweight persons. In the long term some nutrients may need to be supplemented in both diets.
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PMID:Weight reduction on lactovegetarian and mixed diets. Changes in weight, nutrient intake, skinfold thicknesses and blood pressure. 274 65

Nutrient intake was surveyed by the total food duplicate method in 49 adult ethnically Malay women (at the ages of 18 to 47 years and mostly at 30-39 years) working in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Simultaneously, hematological examinations, serum biochemistry, anthropometry and clinical examination were conducted. Nutrient intakes were estimated in reference to the weight of each food item and the standard food composition tables. Lunch was the most substantial meal of the day with rice as a staple food. Compared with the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) values, daily intakes of energy (1,917 kcal as an arithmetic mean), protein (62.2 g), vitamin B1 (0.83 mg) and vitamin B2 (1.18 mg) were sufficient, but intakes of minerals [i.e., calcium (347.8 mg) and iron (12.5 mg)] and some vitamins [i.e., vitamin A (equivalent to 627 micrograms retinol) and niacin (7.84 mg)] were less than RDA. When evaluated on an individual basis, the prevalence of those who took less than 80% RDA was highest for iron (92%), followed by niacin (80%), calcium (57%) and vitamin A (57%). The presence of 7 hypohemoglobinemia cases may be related to the insufficient iron intake. Overweight cases (14 women) were also detected, the prevalence of which increased at advanced ages. Lipid intake was rather high (28% of total food on energy basis), for which the major source was plants with limited contribution from fish/shellfish.
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PMID:Nutritional evaluation of working Malay women in Kuala Lumpur as studied by total food duplicate method. 911 60

To assess the nutritional status and body composition of an elderly free-living population from the State of Zulia, Venezuela, ninety-four persons (47 male and 47 female), ages ranging from 60 to 88 years (mean age 69.55 +/- 6.60) (X +/- SD) were studied. Anthropometric measurements, and a dietary study by means of 24-hour recall and a Food Frequency were performed. Significant statistical differences (p < 0.001, and p < 0.05) were observed among female and male groups in all measures and indices except weight, waist, arm area, and arm muscle area. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were also observed among age groups in weight, Quetelet index, percentage ideal weight (% IW), and triceps skinfold thickness. The means of anthropometric measures and nutritional indicators were higher than the results obtained in other studies. The percentage of elderly obese with Quetelet greater than 30 kg/m < or = was 42.6% (females) and 6.4% (males). In contrast, when utilizing % IW it was observed that 4.3% of the men and 48.9% of the women were obese. Body fat distribution index (waist/hip) shows abdominal fat distribution in 21.3% males and 68.1% females. We found sex-based significant differences in dietary intake of energy, total fat, carbohydrates, iron, vitamin A, and thiamin. The results indicate that the intake of protein, total fat, calcium, phosphorus, iron, thiamin, and niacin is high among males y females, when compared with the present Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) values of Venezuela. The intake of carbohydrate, fiber, vitamin A, riboflavin, zinc, and copper is low among males and females according RDA values, as well as the intake of riboflavin in males. The study indicates a high frequency of men and women obese, and with overweight among females as a consequence of the inadequacy of dietary intake. The present findings emphasizes the need to study in depth the different factors that affect nutritional status of elderly individuals in our country.
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PMID:[Nutritional status and body composition of a group of non-institutionalized elderly in the State of Zulia, Venezuela]. 942 20

The aim of the present study was to analyse the differences between the breakfast habits of obese/overweight (O) (those with body mass index [BMI] above the 75th percentile) and normal weight schoolchildren (N) (those with BMI equal to or below the 75th percentile). A seven consecutive days "food record" was used to record the intake of foods at breakfast and throughout the rest of the day. O subjects, and in particular female O subjects, omitted breakfast more frequently and took significantly smaller quantities of cereals than did N subjects. The energy supplied by breakfast, measured as a percentage of energy expenditure, was significantly lower in O subjects (17.0 +/- 8.5% in males and 14.6 +/- 6.1% in females) than in N subjects (20.9 +/- 9.4% in males and 17.6 +/- 6.5% in females). With respect to the energy and nutrients supplied by breakfast, O subjects took lower quantities of carbohydrates, thiamin, niacin, pyridoxine, vitamin D and iron than did N subjects. The energy profiles of O subjects breakfasts were more imbalanced than those of N subjects. A significant difference was seen between the amounts of energy supplied by carbohydrates. Without doubt, O subjects have less satisfactory breakfast habits than N subjects. This might be a reflection of whole diet that is less adequate, however, it is possible that an inadequate breakfast contributes to the making of poor food choices over the rest of the day, and, in the long term, to an increased risk of obesity.
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PMID:Difference in the breakfast habits of overweight/obese and normal weight schoolchildren. 956 28

The objective of this study was to determine the nutritional status regarding vitamin A, iron and anthropometric indices and dietary intakes of children aged 2-5 years and their caregivers in a rural South African community. Micronutrient, haematological, anthropometric and dietary indicators were used to assess nutritional status during a cross-sectional survey. The setting was a low socioeconomic rural African community (Ndunakazi), approximately 60 km northwest of the coastal city of Durban in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The subjects were children aged 2-5 years (n = 164), and their caregivers (n = 137). Of the preschool children, 50% had a low vitamin A status (serum retinol < 20 micrograms/dL), 54% were anaemic (Hb < 11 micrograms/dL), 33% had depleted iron stores (serum ferritin levels < 10 micrograms/L), and 21% were stunted (Z-score for height-for-age < -2SD). Of the caregivers, 30% had a low vitamin A status (serum retinol < 30 micrograms/dL), 44% were anaemic (Hb < 11 micrograms/dL), 19% had depleted iron stores (serum ferritin levels < 12 micrograms/L), and 40% and 26% were overweight (BMI > or = 24 and < 30) and obese (BMI > or = 30), respectively. The children and caregivers consumed a cereal-based diet, with phutu (a stiff porridge made with maize meal), rice and bread as staple foods. Quantitative dietary analysis showed that the dietary intakes were high in carbohydrates (approximately 70% of total energy), while fat intake was within the prudent dietary guideline of 30% of total energy intake. Median dietary intakes were below 50% of the RDA for calcium, zinc (children only), vitamin A, riboflavin, niacin (children only) and vitamin B12. These preschool children and their caregivers consumed a high carbohydrate diet deficient in most of the essential micronutrients. The poor quality of the diet was reflected in a poor vitamin A and iron status, and one-fifth of the children showed linear growth retardation. Nutrition education and intervention programmes should address micronutrient deficiencies, with the focus not only on quantity, but also quality of the diet.
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PMID:Nutritional status and dietary intakes of children aged 2-5 years and their caregivers in a rural South African community. 1151 32

Surgical Eye-camps for cataract treatment of low-income adult Mexicans have been undertaken over the last 10 years. Despite the high prevalence of cataracts among these subjects, no assessment of their nutritional or health status has ever been made. We compare the results obtained for 81 adults (44 men and 37 women) who received treatment in May 1997 with those for a "control" group of age and sex-matched but affluent individuals in Mexico City. alpha-Tocopherol and beta-carotene were assessed and analysed by HPLC and colorimetric procedures, respectively. The plasma tocopherol to cholesterol ratio did not reveal deficiencies of this vitamin, and only 5 patients (2 men and 3 women) had low beta-carotene plasma levels. The patients had high BMI values, with 32% of men and 30% of women overweight, and 2% and 14%, respectively, obese, with higher glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride values reflecting enhanced insulin resistance and lipid abnormalities. The alkaline phosphatase values were elevated suggesting that many of these blind patients are osteomalacic because they now remain indoors. Although it has been suggested that an adequate intake of carotenes and tocopherol are associated with absence of cataract, this appears not to be the case in our study population. Surveys in Mexico have revealed, however, a highly prevalent deficiency of other vitamins such as niacin and riboflavin, both of which have been proved to be protective against cataract. It appears that nutritional deficiencies, obesity, incipient diabetes and lipid disorders co-exist in modern Mexico. We have identified a need for research to aid the design of preventive nutritional approaches at the population level that could be applied in parallel with ongoing surgical treatment.
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PMID:Nutrition and cataract in low-income Mexicans: experience in an Eye camp. 1167 42

Nutritional assessment reveals the nutritional status of a patient. It thereby helps identify each patient's need for specific nutritional care and facilitates early intervention. Generally, the common nutrition and nutrition-related problems in hospitalised paediatric patients are: protein energy malnutrition in various degrees; vitamin deficiencies such as A, B1, B2, niacin, folic acid, K and E; mineral deficiencies such as Zn, Fe, Ca, Mg, P, K and Na; essential fatty acid deficiencies; carbohydrate intolerance; maldigestion and malabsorption; and overweight and obesity. However, there is limited information about nutritional status of hospitalised patients in some countries, especially in developing countries. In Thailand, it was found that the prevalence of hospital malnutrition in children aged 1-15 years in the paediatric ward was similar (50-60%) to that of a study conducted 10 years earlier. In another study of micronutrients in 45 paediatric AIDS patients (aged 3-46 months), high prevalences of malnutrition, anaemia and mineral deficiencies were found. For convenience in clinical practice, body mass index (BMI) values for use as an indicator in the assessment of undernutrition in children whose heights are less than 145 cm have been published. These BMI values have been tested and retested using normal children and patients with various degrees of undernutrition and were found to be reliable and valid. Therefore, nutritional status must be assessed in all hospitalised patients. At the very least, weight and height (length) should be obtained.
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PMID:Nutrition problems of hospitalised children in a developing country: Thailand. 1249 56

In order to identify risk of inadequate intake of calories and nutrients during pregnancy, 75 pregnant adolescents (14 to 18 years old) apparently healthy, from low socioeconomic level, in their first prenatal control (12 weeks) were studied by two 24 hour recalls and a food frequency questionnaire at each trimester. Nutritional status was assessed by body mass index (pregestation weight/height) and classified according to American Medicine Institute reference. Paired t-test, frequency distribution and ANOVA were used for statistical analysis. Low weight was found in 34.6% of adolescent at the first visit and 5.3% were overweight. Even though, caloric intake was below recommendation, significant increases were observed between first and second trimester for energy, carbohydrates, niacin and zinc (p < 0.001) and for fat, proteins, riboflavin, thiamin, vitamin C, calcium and iron (p < 0.05). From second to third trimester, differences (p < 0.05) were significant only for vitamin A. Between first and third trimester, differences were significant (p < 0.05) for energy, proteins, carbohydrates, niacin, riboflavin, zinc and for thiamin, vitamin A and calcium (p < 0.05). A high proportion of pregnant adolescent did not reach recommendations for energy, folate, calcium and zinc. Food intake pattern did not change significantly among trimesters. Mean total weight gain was 9.2 kg and 0.412 +/- 0.4 g/week. Newborn's mean weight was 3.221 +/- 418 grams. It is concluded that adolescents are at high nutritional risk and deficiency of dietary intake should be followed. Attention should be addressed from the preconceptional period to postpartum in order to improve maternal and fetal conditions.
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PMID:[Dietary evaluation of pregnant adolescents during first, second and third trimester]. 1452 2

Previous studies in our laboratories have demonstrated that niacin-bound chromium (NBC), Maitake mushroom and (-)-hydroxycitric acid (HCA-SX) can ameliorate hypertension, dyslipidemias and diabetes mellitus, and therefore may be useful in weight management. In the present study, we used aged, diabetic Zucker fatty rats (ZFR) (70-75 weeks) in order to determine whether NBC, fraction SX of Maitake mushroom (MSX) and 60% (-)-hydroxycitric acid (HCA-SX) from Garcinia cambogia, alone or in combination, can affect certain aspects of the metabolic syndrome. Syndrome X or metabolic syndrome has been described as a concurrence of disturbed glucose and insulin metabolism, overweight and abdominal fat distribution, mild dyslipidemia, and hypertension, which are associated with subsequent development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Four groups of eight ZFR were gavaged daily with different supplements. For the initial three weeks, the control group of ZFR received only water, the second group received NBC 40 mcg elemental chromium/day, the third group received MSX 100 mg/day and the last group received HCA-SX 200 mg/day. During weeks 4-6, the doses of each treatment were doubled. The control animals lost approximately 50 g body weight (BW) per rat over 6 weeks of treatment, which is characteristic of these animals in declining health. In contrast, eight ZFR receiving NBC lost approximately 9 g BW per rat, while rats consuming MSX lost 16 g BW per rat. However, ZFR receiving HCA-SX simulated the pattern in the control group because these animals lost approximately 46 g BW per rat. The wide individual variations resulted in a lack of statistical significance among groups. Nevertheless, 75% of the ZFR in the control group lost more than 50 g BW over the 6 weeks duration, whereas none of the ZFR receiving NBC, 25% of the ZFR receiving MSX and 57% of the ZFR receiving HCA-SX lost over 50 g BW over the 6 weeks of the study. ZFR in all 3 treatment groups showed significantly lower blood pressures as compared to control, which seemed to be dose related. The general trend was for renal and liver blood parameters, hepatic and renal lipid peroxidation and DNA fragmentation to improve due to the supplementation of these natural products. Treatment of animals with a combination of these three novel supplements resulted in a lower SBP and maintenance of BW compared to control animals. These results demonstrate that elderly diabetics and even aging individuals might benefit from a similar regimen.
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PMID:Effects of niacin-bound chromium, Maitake mushroom fraction SX and (-)-hydroxycitric acid on the metabolic syndrome in aged diabetic Zucker fatty rats. 1457 12


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