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Query: UMLS:C0497406 (overweight)
 26,365 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A total of 837 healthy volunteers presenting with various degrees of obesity participated in a large-scale, double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of the subjective effects of phenylpropanolamine (PPA), with particular attention to measurement of the euphoriant or stimulant potential of therapeutic doses of the compound. Dosage forms studied were PPA 75 mg sustained release, PPA 25 mg, and placebo. Subjects were recruited from four independent clinical sites. At each site, subjects were stratified according to degree of overweight (normal, mildly overweight, moderately overweight, or severely overweight) and randomly assigned to one of the three drug treatment regimens. Subjective effects were measured 11 times during the 12-hour experimental session using a short-form version of the Addiction Research Center Inventory. Data analysis did not indicate discernible subjective effects that would differentiate PPA from placebo, but did show typical circadian fluctuations. These results provided evidence that therapeutic doses of PPA do not produce the euphoriant or "stimulant" subjective effects that characterize drugs of abuse.
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PMID:Subjective profile of phenylpropanolamine: absence of stimulant or euphorigenic effects at recommended dose levels. 265 92

Weight concerns and dieting have become so normative for U.S. women that weight is the lens through which experience is viewed. The obsession with weight and dieting among women is considered by feminists to be one result of the oppression by women resulting from questionable weight standards and weight control programs that foster a view of overweight as a sign of addiction and lack of control. Feminist critique is used to deconstruct both the literature related to weight standards and health and the research on weight loss/weight management. Feminist and ethnographic methods are used to describe successful and unsuccessful experiences with weight management of 20 Euro-American women who had participated in a 1985 weight study and agreed to be reinterviewed. Success at weight management was examined from a biomedical perspective using Body Mass Index (BMI) norms and from a feminist perspective using participants' subjective definitions of success. Based upon BMI, only 8 members of the study group were defined as successful, whereas based upon the women's perspectives, 11 members were successful. Participants' definitions of successful weight management were divergent from biomedical definitions and could be categorized into three perspectives: biomedical, reframed normal weight, and holistic. Women who ascribed to the biomedical definition of success embodied the cultural ideal of thinness by adhering to an underweight weight norm. Participants using the reframed normal weight definition of success rejected biomedical weight norms and created their own weight norms. The holistic perspective on success involved the use of a broader, health-focused definition of successful weight management and offers some directions for revising current health promotion care relative to weight.
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PMID:A biomedical and feminist perspective on women's experiences with weight management. 799 91

Habit-specific locus of control measures for drinking, smoking, and eating were compared to Rotter's general measure to evaluate the relationship between cognitive expectancy and substance use. For both smoking and eating, individuals who reported being addicted were significantly more external on the habit-specific expectancy measures. Measures of use, tolerance, and risk covaried more closely with the habit-specific scales than with the general scale. For eating behavior, the habit-specific scale and the compulsive eating measure were different only for individuals with a history of being overweight. The habit-specific expectancy measures were more closely related to indices of use and addiction than the general locus of control measure and should have greater utility for research and intervention.
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PMID:Habit control expectancy for drinking, smoking, and eating. 976 97

Sensitivity to reward (STR)-a personality trait firmly rooted in the neurobiology of the mesolimbic dopamine system-has been strongly implicated in the risk for addiction. This construct describes the ability to derive pleasure or reward from natural reinforcers like food, and from pharmacologic rewards like addictive drugs. Recently experts in the field of addiction research have acknowledged that psychomotor stimulant drugs are no longer at the heart of all addictions, and that brain circuits can also be deranged with natural rewards like food. The present study tested a model in which STR was expected to relate positively to overeating, which in turn would be associated with higher body weight in woman aged 25-45 years. As predicted, STR was correlated positively with measures of emotional overeating. Also, overweight woman were significantly more sensitive to reward than those of normal weight. Interestingly, however, the obese woman (Body Mass Index>30) were more anhedonic than the overweight woman (Body Mass Index>25<30). These findings are discussed in the context of neuroadaptations to overactivity of brain reward circuits. Results also indicate that STR may serve as a risk factor for overeating and overweight, especially in cultures such as ours where palatable, calorically-dense food is plentiful.
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PMID:Sensitivity to reward: implications for overeating and overweight. 1501 Jan 76

Conventional and atypical antipsychotics are known to induce weight gain, cause glucose and lipid impairments among schizophrenic patients. These impairments contribute to the intrinsic risk factors linked to the psychiatric pathology (sedentary state, nicotin addiction, diabetes) increasing numbers of cardiovascular complications. We propose to study ponderal modifications and presence of metabolic abnormalities in a population of schizophrenic patients treated by conventional or atypical antipsychotics, depending on the received treatment; 32 patients, whose schizophrenia diagnosis had been previously made, were consecutively included over a 4 months period. They were divided into three groups: patients treated by conventional antipsychotics (n = 6), by atypical antipsychotics (n = 16) or by a combination of both (n = 10); 6 patients (18%) display overweight problems, 4 patients (12.5%) got hypertriglyceridemia and 4 other patients (12.5%) have hypercholesterolemia. No particular drug could be directly targeted, partly because of the restricted size of our sample, but the patients presenting metabolism impairment were treated by atypical antipsychotic. The observance of these abnormalities is reflected in publications and lead to some antipsychotic treatments monitoring rules.
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PMID:[Assessment of metabolic impairments inducted by atypical antipsychotics among schizophrenic patients]. 1597 36

The growing incidence of cancers for the last 20 years in France and in Europe confronts scientists with the problem of their origin. Apart from standard factors such as addiction to smoking, alcoholism and overweight due to inadequate diets, the hypothesis that other environmental causes have recently appeared, is formulated. The author aims at reinforcing this hypothesis based on epidemiological, biological and toxicological arguments. Addiction to smoking and alcoholism have significantly decreased for the last 20 to 30 years and the incidence rise concerns cancers that are not related to these factors. Endogenous factors of genetic susceptibility can hardly have changed over one generation and actually can favour interaction with exogenous factors involving either our life style or the environment. The role of biological factors associated with ageing to explain the increase in cancer rate according to age is worth discussing. Many factors (radiation and chemical molecules) present in the environment, factors that international organizations have proven to be certainly, probably or possibly cancer-inducing, are considered. Some acting as mutagenic, others as promoters can add their cancer-inducing effects to smoking or other factors associated with our lifestyle. However, with the exception of smoking, most of the factors associated with our lifestyle are not mutagenic, an observation which leads to consider mutagenic factors from the environment, because any cancer implies the occurrence of mutations at its initiation step. The magnitude of the risk related to environmental factors is not yet known, therefore implying the need for new research aiming at assessing them accurately. Although, as far as public health is concerned, fighting addiction to smoking, alcoholism and unhealthy eating habits needs to be pursued, evidence regarding these new environmental factors of physico-chemical nature poses the problem of their prevention.
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PMID:[The contribution of the physico-chemical environment to the genesis of cancer: what extent and how to measure it?]. 1639 71

Among adults, chronic alcohol dependence is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). While it is unlikely that adolescents with alcohol use disorders (AUDs) would exhibit CVD, they might show elevated CVD risk factors. The purpose of this study was to compare CVD risk factors in adolescents with AUDs and an adolescent reference group. Adolescents with AUDs were recruited from treatment sources and reference adolescents were recruited from the community. Information about smoking behavior, exercise, and diet were gathered from interview and self-report measures. Body mass index and blood pressure were determined by physical exam and a blood sample was drawn to measure serum cholesterol and triglycerides. Compared with the reference group, adolescents with AUDs reported significantly more smoking, were less likely to report exercising regularly, and were less likely to report eating a balanced diet. Adolescents with AUDs were not more likely to be overweight or to exhibit hypertension, and lipid levels were also not significantly elevated. These results indicated that adolescents with AUDs endorsed problematic health behaviors while not yet exhibiting the consequences of these behaviors. Interventions focusing on health behaviors in conjunction with addiction treatment might help improve long-term health outcomes in adolescents with AUDs.
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PMID:Cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents with alcohol use disorders. 1663 69

This article is a report on a survey of Southern California pastors to learn of their perceptions of the leading health problems in their congregations. Participants (N=41) identified stress, overweight, and obesity as the top three health indicators that effect the health of their congregations. Tobacco use and substance abuse were listed among the top five. From a list of health problems, pastors felt that from the pulpit they could impact parishioners responsible sexual behavior most. Pastors expressed their opinions about the reasons for certain maladies and addictions. The findings indicate room for improvement in building clergy's understanding of the nature of illness and addiction and in empowering them in their role of supporting healthy behaviors in the African-American community.
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PMID:African-American clergy's perceptions of the leading health problems in their communities and their role in supporting parishioners' health. 1673 46

Rates of pediatric obesity have increased dramatically over the past decade. This trend is especially alarming because obesity is associated with significant medical and psychosocial consequences. It may contribute to cardiovascular, metabolic, and hepatic complications, as well as to psychiatric difficulties. The development of obesity appears to be influenced by a complex array of genetic, metabolic, and neural frameworks, along with behavior, eating habits, and physical activity. Numerous parallels exist between obesity and addictive behaviors, including genetic predisposition, personality, environmental risk factors, and common neurobiological pathways in the brain. Typical treatments for pediatric obesity include behavioral interventions targeting diet or exercise. These treatments have yielded mixed results and typically have been examined in specialty clinic populations, limiting their generalizability. There are limited medication options for overweight children and adolescents, and no approved medical intervention in children younger than 16 years old. Bariatric surgery may be an option for some adolescents, but due to the risks of surgery, it is often seen as a last resort. The parallels between addiction and obesity aid in developing novel interventions for pediatric obesity. Motivational enhancement and cognitive-behavioral strategies used in addiction treatment may prove to be beneficial.
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PMID:Pediatric obesity: parallels with addiction and treatment recommendations. 1841 81

College student participants (N=1063; 77.8% response rate) completed a web-based survey assessing demographics, depression, anxiety, body image, cigarette smoking, and weight history. Among overweight participants, 42.6% of those who believed they were overweight admitted to binge eating, while only 30.1% who did not feel overweight did so (p<.05). Among non-overweight participants, 43.2% of those who believed they were overweight admitted to binge eating, while only 32.9% of those who did not feel overweight did so (p<.05). Weight Problem Perception (WPP) mediated the contribution of BMI on binge eating outcomes, and WPP contributed significantly to the prediction of binge eating, beyond the risk conferred by established correlates of binge eating (e.g., gender, mood, and cigarette smoking). Results suggest that when assessing risk for binge eating, a one-question assessment of whether or not an individual believes s/he is overweight has significant predictive power. Findings are consistent with literature on the importance of the "fat self-schema" [Stein, K.F., & Corte, C. (2007). Identity impairment and the eating disorders: Content and organization of the self-concept in women with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. European Eating Disorders Review, 15 (1), 58-69] in disordered eating and theory implicating identity in the maintenance of addictive behavior [West, R.W. (2006). Theory of Addiction. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, Inc.].
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PMID:The contributions of weight problem perception, BMI, gender, mood, and smoking status to binge eating among college students. 1917 10


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