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Query: UMLS:C0497406 (overweight)
 26,365 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A brief survey of the literature on the side effects of oral contraceptives is given. Of the many influences on laboratory results those related to (reversible) cholestasis or to a change in protein synthesis are the most important ones. A decrease of the tolerance for glucose is sometimes observed. Few of the clinical side effects attributed to oral contraceptives can be directly correlated with the pharmaceutical action of these drugs. Many so-called side effects of the pill are due to other factors such as altered psychosociological or sexual behavior, etc. However, among users of oral contraceptives there is a significant decrease in the number of benign tumors, particularly of the breast, the uterus and the ovaries. It is still an open question if this also signifies protection against cancer. Anemias due to iron deficiency are less frequent among users of the pill. According to recent studies arterial hypertension and cholecystopathies are probably directly related to oral contraceptives, but a causal relation has not been proven for migraine, headaches, depression etc. An elevated risk for vascular complications seems to be well established: there is a 4-6-fold increase of the estimated risk for venous thrombo-embolism and a 4-9-fold increase for cerebrovascular accidents among users of oral contraceptives when compared with nonpregnant women of the same age not using the pill. Oral contraceptives act as a supplementary factor of risk which may cumulate with other similar factors, such as arterial hypertension, hyperlipidemia, overweight, smoking etc. Mortality due to oral contraceptives is very much 10-50 x) inferior to the one caused by delivery and the post partum state. Since the number of failures in prevention of pregnancies is less for oral contraceptives than for any other method of contraception, the overall risk of death under oral contraceptives in this age group of women is least.
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PMID:[Real and seeming side-effects of oral contraceptives with an emphasis on medical and haematological problems. Review of literature (author's transl)]. 79 Mar 74

The MMPI was administered to 209 obese women and 72 obese men before onset of a weight reduction regime. Obese subjects differ in a variety of MMPI-standard-scales from the standard population as well as from a control group of healthy women: 1. Scales Hypochondriasis (Hs) and Hysteria (Hy) have significant higher values for the obese. This somatic impairment grows in the group of obese women with increasing age and obesity. In men, scale Hs corresponds to the degree of overweight but the youngest male age group (up to 19 years) has a Hs-peak as well as men above 35 years of age. 2. Higher than normal values for obese men and women in scales Depression (D) and Psychasthenia (Pt) in the obese point towards emotional upset. 3. Obesity does not decrease Hypomania (Ma) values for men or women; to the contrary: obese men felt more active than the standard population. With growing age women had a decrease in Ma-values.
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PMID:[Psychological problems in obesity (author's transl)]. 84 Jan 40

25-yr old female identical twins of Italian-American origin concordant for sickle beta-thalassemia were studied to explain their clinical differences. One of them has been severely affected from childhood with one aplastic crisis, an earlier onset of vaso-occlusive crises, and recent cardiac decompensation; the other twin shows no cardiac decompensation. Similar are their degree of anemia, RBC indices, blood volumes, absence of splenic sequestration, depression of pO2, elevation of p50 and 2,3-DPG, hemoglobin composition, and peripheral blood globin-synthetic rates. Regarding differences, the more severely affected has a shorter 51Cr RBC life span, a greater menstrual blood loss, and is more overweight, whereas the less severely affected has functional asplenia by 99mTc scanning and a larger proportion of RBC with decreased cellular deformability. We conclude that in sickle beta-thalassemia: (1) genotype alone does not determine the clinical course; (2) significant differences in clinical course can occur with almost identical hemoglobin composition and globin synthetic rates; (3) cellular deformability changes do not correlate exactly with clinical course; and (4) functional asplenia and leanness may be advantageous.
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PMID:Sickle beta-thalassemia: identical twins differing in severity implicate nongenetic factors influencing course. 98 45

More than 6000 parameters were collected during a 21-day period of starvation in 51 obese patients aged 17 to 65 years and stored as data bank on a CDC CYBER 74 at the calculating centre of the University of Technology in Vienna. Samples for multiple linear regression were obtained on the basis of various selective criteria. The essential results of this analysis are the depression of plasma viscosity, which correlates positively with the decrease in blood lipids and the reduction of overweight, as well as the unexpected increase in whole blood viscosity. The latter can probably be explained by an altered erythrocytic fluidity due to the metabolic changes which take place during a longer period of starvation.
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PMID:[Changes in plasma and whole blood viscosity during starvation (author's transl)]. 106 14

Concentrations of immunoreactive insulin activity (IRI) and proinsulin activity (IRP), blood glucose, free fatty acids (FFA), glycerol, cholesterol, triglycerides were analyzed in 140 subjects suspect of protodiabetes and 50 healthy persons before, during and after a glucose infusion test (GIT). The protodiabetic subjects were classified into normweight, overweight, obese, hyperlipemic groups with diet or with Regadrin therapy and each of them subdivided into such with normal and such with pathological carbohydrate tolerance. Norm- and overweight subjects with asymptomatic diabetes were characterized by a significant reduction of insulin secretion during both phases. Obese patients with or without hyperlipoproteinemia demonstrated an increased IRI reaction during the late phase of secretion. Carbohydrate intolerance was associated with an enhancement of basal triglyceride levels and a reduced depression of glycerol and FFA during the GIT. There were no differences in fasting or reactive IRP concentrations between healthy and protodiabetic subjects with normal carbohydrate tolerance. In asymptomatic diabetes the IRP levels were increased during the late secretion phase, but the percentage of IRP in total IRI was normal or--in existing high response--significantly reduced in comparison to norm response. The results do not support an enhanced IRP secretion as the cause of carbohydrate intolerance.
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PMID:Effect of glucose infusion on venous blood levels of immunoreactive proinsulin activity, insulin activity and fat parameters in healthy and protodiabetic subjects. 122 47

A questionnaire was constructed to examine the relationship between eating habits and emotional attitudes toward food. This was administered to 60 individuals who varied widely in body weight relative to the statistically determined optimum for their age and sex. Correlations between item scores and weight discrepancy values from optimum revealed a number of significant correlations. The more the degree of overweight, the greater the tendency to have problems in three areas: depression, anxiety and impulsivity. In addition, the number of overweight relatives in one's immediate family also is related to an individual's degree of overweight. Some implications for the therapy of obesity were suggested.
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PMID:Emotions and attitudes related to being overweight. 124 28

Centrally acting appetite suppressant drugs used in the treatment of obesity fall into 2 broad pharmacological categories; those which act via brain catecholamine pathways and those which act via serotonin pathways. Of the former group, amphetamine and phenmetrazine are no longer recommended because of their stimulant properties and addictive potential. The remaining drugs in this class include amfepramone (diethylpropion), phentermine, mazindol and phenylpropanolamine. All have been shown to reduce appetite and lower food intake, thereby helping obese patients more easily keep to a low-calorie diet and lose weight. They all have some sympathomimetic and stimulant properties. Anorectic drugs which promote serotonin neurotransmission have no such stimulant or sympathomimetic properties. They are fenfluramine, together with its recently introduced dextrorotatory stereoisomer dexfenfluramine, and fluoxetine. They reduce appetite and food intake and are effective in the treatment of obesity. Anorectic drugs should be reserved for those who are clinically at risk from being overweight, and then only as part of a comprehensive weight-reducing programme including regular dietary counselling. Although current licensing regulations only allow their use over a relatively short period (12 to 16 weeks), clinical trials have shown them to be effective over longer periods, particularly in preventing weight regain. Of the compounds currently indicated for use in obesity, dexfenfluramine appears to have the most suitable pharmacological profile, although it should not be given to patients with a history of depression. When used appropriately, appetite suppressants can be of real therapeutic benefit, and pose little risk.
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PMID:Appetite suppressants. A review. 137 55

Many severely overweight women find it difficult to follow conventional exercise programmes. Salisbury health visitors Rosalind Griffith and Pauline Sharp run weekly 'Swim-slim' sessions at the local hospital swimming pool where overweight women, too embarrassed to go to their local baths on their own, exercise together to lose weight and gain confidence to tackle social isolation and depression.
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PMID:Water way to lose weight. 155 32

Pretreatment measures of craving for carbohydrates were related to higher dropout rates during the first month of a protein-sparing fast. 97 patients in a medically supervised weight-loss program, who were at least 50 pounds overweight, completed the Beck Depression Inventory, the Eating Inventory, and a questionnaire about their food habits before beginning a supplemented fast. While self-reported cravers of carbohydrates were significantly more likely to drop out during the first month of treatment than noncravers, this result does not appear to be related to differences in depression, disinhibition, or cognitive restraint.
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PMID:Role of craving for carbohydrates upon completion of a protein-sparing fast. 176 77

A study of 79 female college students examined the reliability and validity of two new size/weight-related measures of body image. The Body-size Appraisal Scale and the Overweight Preoccupation Scale were derived from existing instruments. Analyses supported the internal consistency and 2-wk. test-retest reliability of both new scales. Correlations of scores on each scale with measures of anxiety about being fat, negative body-image affect and avoidance, restrained and bulimic eating, and depression support their concurrent and construct validity. Scores on the Overweight Preoccupation Scale were also related to the extent of investment in physical appearance. Regression analyses indicated that each new scale could be predicted from several other conceptually relevant body-image attitudes, even after actual body weight was controlled.
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PMID:New assessments of weight-related body image derived from extant instruments. 194 98


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