Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0497406 (overweight)
 26,365 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Computed tomographic examinations of parkinsonian patients revealed a high incidence of cerebral atrophy, in most cases a combination of cortical atrophy and ventricular enlargement. The present study considered the relationship between cerebral atrophy and physical signs indicating or promoting arteriosclerosis such as overweight, electrocardiographic changes, hypertension, calcification of the internal carotid artery and aorta as well as elongation of the aorta. The study is based on 173 treated and untreated parkinsonian patients (89 men, 84 women) aged from 37--84 years (mean 64.6), on whom CT was performed about 5.4 years after the onset of the first symptoms of the illness. The results demonstrate an increase of pathological CT findings as well as of calcification in the carotid siphon with advanced age. No correlation was found between the other items and increasing age. Further analysis of the relationship between cerebral atrophy and signs of arteriosclerosis revealed only a statistically relevant correlation with calcification of the carotid siphon, especially with calcification of the media. Since pathological CT findings and calcification of the internal carotid artery are both related to advanced age, whereas all the other items which may be considered to be indications of arteriosclerosis do not have any clear relationship, it is concluded that the cerebral atrophy in Parkinson's disease is not caused by arteriosclerosis.
 ...
PMID:Relationship between arteriosclerosis and cerebral atrophy in Parkinson's disease. 7 48

The prevalence of diabetes was investigated in 473 patients who had been fitted with pacemakers because of severe bradycardiac arrhythmia. Irrespective of the type of arrhythmia, 36.1% of the male and 45.5% of the female patients exhibited overt diabetes. The metabolic disorder was known in about half (55%) of the cases; average duration of known diabetes in these patients was 7.1 years (0.5-23 years). The more frequent occurence of diabetes in women was attributed to the frequency of overweight (twice as high) in this group. Only one fifth of the male and one tenth of the female patients had myocardial infarction as a sign of manifest coronary arteriosclerosis. The 6 to 10 times higher diabetes prevalence of pacemaker patients compared to the general population of corresponding age may indicate ischemic damage to the conduction system caused by diabetes-specific vascular changes.
 ...
PMID:Diabetes prevalence in patients with bradycardiac arrhythmias. 61 87

Issuing from the present state of the influence of the basic nutritive substances (protein, fat, carbohydrates) and various nutritive factors discussed again and again (cholesterol, erucaic acid, sodium, calcium/magnesium quotient, pressor amines) on the development of the arteriosclerosis, the indididual factors of influence are critically evaluated. The investigations are getting under way, so that ascertained results are standing beside insufficiently claified or open problems, From the abundance of the observations conclusions are drawn which are of significance for practice. Unfavourable influences of nutrition on the factors of risk (hyperlipoproteinaemia, disturbance of the carbohydrate tolerance, hyperuricaemia, hyperalimentation) and on the manifest diseases (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, uric arthritis, obesity) of the metabolic syndrome which finally contribute to the development of arteriosclerosis are emphasized. In front of this background a clinically and ambulatorily tested basic metabolic diet is described. About 20% of the energy content (kcal or kJ) of this diet are protein, 35% fat and 45% are carbohydrates. The saturated fatty acids lie below 30%, the manifold saturated fatty acids, however, above 20% of the total fat proportion. The cholesterol content is below 400 mg, the purin-nitrogen below 200 mg, and the sodium content is about 2g per day. This diet can be produced for the treatment of persons with normal weight and overweight in different energetic degradations.
 ...
PMID:[Nutrition and arteriosclerosis]. 70

Investigations were undertaken to estimate various energy expenditure during professional work on incidence of hypertension, overweight, obesity, hyperuricaemia and hypercholesterolemia in workers of two enterprises in Upper Silesia. The study was carried out in 1957 individuals (1392 male, 565 female) divided into 5 groups according to the hardness of their work. Serum level of uric acid and cholesterol was determined in all investigated subjects. Incidence of hypertension, overweight and obesity was estimated. It has been stated that incidence of hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, overweight and obesity in men and hyperuricaemia in both sexes decreased with hardness of the work. The incidence of hypertension, overweight and obesity was not related to hardness of the work in women. The authors conclude that physical activity associated with professional work can be much more in men than in women listed as a preventive measure against arteriosclerosis.
 ...
PMID:[Effect of work load on arteriosclerosis risk factors in employees of 2 Upper Silesia industries]. 179 21

The composition of the diet of the type II-diabetics should correspond to the principles of a lactovegetarian diet: relatively many carbohydrates, vegetables, fruits and little fat, in particular little animal fats. By such a pathogenetically orientated nutrition one is at the earliest able to treat successfully preventively and therapeutically the development of the arteriosclerosis which is connected with the type 2 diabetes and with metabolic syndrome. Thereby the weight reduction is of course integrated into such a dietary prescription. The number of meals a day should not routine-like be established to 5 to 6, and only in a bad metabolic condition the subdivision into many smaller meals is necessary. In the calculation of the food type 2 diabetics with overweight stabilised on diet alone should estimate the energy of food and reduce it. At this stage the calculation of carbohydrates is not necessary. Only when a blood sugar decreasing therapy is added (insulin and perhaps sulfonylureas) we have additionally to begin the calculation of carbohydrates. In order to obtain a useful compliance unnecessary reglementations must be removed so that only there where necessary a strict discipline is observed.
 ...
PMID:[New knowledge of diet therapy of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes]. 220 10

There are approximately 100,000 non-insulin-dependent diabetics in the Danish population and the incidence appears to be increasing. As the disease is complicated by a series of arteriosclerotic manifestations together with hypertension and eye changes, it presents great problems in the primary and also in the secondary sector. The Danish Association for Internal Medicine has, on this basis, prepared an explanatory report with the main object of establishing guidelines for treatment of the disease both medically and by organisation. The report contains a review of the patho-physiological conditions with emphasis on resistance to insulin and the basic cellular defect. The connections with arteriosclerosis and hypertension are also emphasized. The significance of the diet in the treatment of the condition is also emphasized as approximately 80% of the patients are overweight. Guidelines for treatment with sulphonurea, biguanides and insulin are presented. In order to provide optimal treatment and control of non-insulin-dependent diabetics and to provide them a better quality of life closer cooperation between general practitioners and diabetic clinics is recommended. In particular, it appears to be desirable to involve diabetic clinics at the commencement of the disease when the need for training is great.
 ...
PMID:[Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diagnosis and treatment. An interpretation]. 240 58

Obesity continues as before to be a widespread condition. Obesity is defined as a body weight of over 120% of the ideal weight, corresponding roughly to the 85th percentile of the weight distribution. According to the "Build Study" (1979), the ideal weight is assumed to be rather higher than formerly; in men it is 8%, in women 6% less than the so-called normal weight. The latter corresponds roughly to the average weight and is defined as: height (cm) minus 100 in kg. In obese subjects both somatic and psychological complications arise; these are related exponentially to the degree of overweight. More recent findings in the Framingham Study show that obesity leads to coronary heart disease and premature death independently of the classical risk factors. Evaluation of the patient should include a personal and familial history of the obesity, together with individual eating habits and the degree of physical activity indulged in. As assessment should be made of the body fat distribution (android or gynoid obesity); android obesity carries a relatively high risk. Complications should be looked for, together with other risk factors for arteriosclerosis. Treatment depends on the severity of the condition and on the motivation. In general, it should consist of a moderate reduction in the caloric value of the food intake together with advice on eating habits and an increase in bodily activity. Group therapy often gives good results on account of the dynamic interactions within groups. Patients with morbid obesity will profit from a very hypocaloric, "ketogenic" diet (ca. 600-700 kcal/day). One of the author's own studies showed that a very hypocaloric diet resulted in mood elevation and a reduction in the need for sleep. Conservative measures such dietary weight reduction, changes in eating habits and encouragement of bodily activity are to be preferred to surgical treatment (eg, gastric stapling). Weight reductions in hospital do not lead to a change in eating habits and are therefore of doubtful value; drug therapy as a form of long-term treatment is likewise of questionable usefulness.
 ...
PMID:[Evaluation and treatment of obesity in clinical practice]. 274 Nov 31

Recent evidence indicates that measurement of apoproteins may enhance evaluation of coronary heart disease risk. The purpose of the present study was to identify factors associated with interindividual variation in apoproteins (apo) A-I, A-II, and B and lipoprotein lipid levels in 541 healthy premenopausal women, a random sample ages 42 to 50 taken from driver's license lists. The results of multivariate analyses that included alcohol intake, obesity, smoking, exercise, and age as predictor variables showed alcohol consumption to be strongly, positively related to apo A-I and A-II and smoking and obesity to have modest lowering effects on apo A-I. Concentration of the high density lipoprotein subfraction, HDL2c, however, was highly negatively related to body mass index, with alcohol intake and smoking each contributing about 5% to the variation. HDL3c had a similar relationship to obesity, alcohol, and smoking, but the magnitude of effect was much smaller than that for HDL2c. Thus, the concentration of cholesterol relative to protein found in HDL, particularly HDL2, was lower in overweight women and higher in women who reported alcohol intake. About 10% of variation in low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc) was explained jointly by smoking, obesity, and alcohol intake compared with 15% of variation in apo B associated primarily with obesity (8%) and, to a lesser extent, with age and smoking. Physical activity was not independently associated with any of the lipoprotein lipid or apoprotein measures. In sum, results show that obese women exhibited reduced HDLc per mole of protein and that alcohol intake was linked to increased HDL particle number.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Arteriosclerosis
PMID:Characteristics associated with apoprotein and lipoprotein lipid levels in middle-aged women. 314 51

Polyarterial arteriosclerosis is a problem facing more and more clinicians because of the technical advances in exploration and revascularization methods. Epidemiologic data are rare in this field except for Framingham's study. We are reporting here the results of a French epidemiologic study regarding a representative sample of a group of 11,000 active men and women, with age ranging between 25 and 65 years. Methodologic difficulties cannot be avoided, but a minimal estimation may be expressed: polyarterial pathology represents approximately 15 p. cent of the pathology in each case. Polyarterial pathology is as prevalent as monoarterial pathology with a 10 years delay between the two sexes. Coronary diseases are the most frequent and represent the initial location in two-thirds of the cases. The same risk factors are found, but their chronology is different: more than ever, age is an essential factor since there is a ten years difference. Hyperglycaemia in men, overweight in women are major factors as important as tobacco abuse in men, arterial hypertension and dyslipidemia in both sexes. Finally the type A behavior seems to occupy an even larger role in polyarterial patients of both sexes.
 ...
PMID:[Polyarterial pathology. Epidemiological aspects]. 336 39

High density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol is a sensitive index for coronary disease in affluent societies. We have measured plasma apoprotein A-I levels (the major HDL protein) in randomly selected groups of urban and rural Fijian Melanesians and Indians. Despite higher prevalence rates of coronary disease and diabetes mellitus in Indians, Indian men and women had significantly higher A-I levels than Melanesian men and women. Multivariate analysis was carried out separately in all men and women of both races and also in younger men and women (less than 45 years old) to determine the predictive values of seven variables that might influence A-I levels. These variables accounted for about 16% of the A-I variation and of this more than one-half was due to ethnic origin. The remainder was largely due to three environmental factors: urbanization, alcohol consumption, and physical activity. Men and women aged 20 to 44 years had significantly higher A-I levels in the town than in villages; alcohol drinkers had significantly higher A-I levels than nondrinkers, and in women physical inactivity resulted in significantly lower A-I levels. Age, smoking cigarettes, and body mass index did not contribute to the differences in A-I levels between the two races, despite less smoking and overweight among Indians. This study of a biracial population, that shares a similar environment but differs in cultural habits, has demonstrated the operation of genetic and environmental factors that explain a minor proportion of apoprotein A-I variability.
Arteriosclerosis
PMID:High density lipoprotein apoprotein variability in a biracial population. 640 41


1 2 Next >>