Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0494475 (tonic-clonic seizure)
 1,319 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Transient increases of the early cortical somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) were observed in 9 patients who received antidepressant and/or neuroleptic treatment. All patients developed myoclonus, and 2 had grand mal seizures. Three cases--one 20-, one 17- and one 15-year-old patient--are presented in detail. Similar observations have been reported in elderly patients. Possible underlying mechanisms and the potential value of the SSEP in identifying and monitoring patients at risk of developing psychotropic drug-induced side-effects are briefly discussed.
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PMID:[Changes in somatosensory evoked potentials in pharmacogenic myoclonia]. 135 55

Hyperthyroidism in childhood has a relative incidence of 5%. The presence of epilepsy secondary to thyrotoxicosis is very unusual. We report the case of a four-year old boy with thyrotoxicosis due to Graves' disease. This patient developed a generalized tonic-clonic seizure followed by left sided partial motor status epilepticus. The EEG was markedly abnormal. The EEG was normal after five months of the ablative therapy. At the present time the patient is seizure-free without any antiepileptic medication and receiving replacement therapy with thyroxin due to post-ablation hypothyroidism. We conclude that this is the first reported case with this association in our country. We discuss the possible pathophysiological mechanism involved in the development of seizures in this patient.
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PMID:[Epilepsy and thyrotoxicosis in a 4-year-old boy]. 138 40

Stimulation of centromedian (CM) thalamic nuclei has been proposed as a treatment for seizures. We implanted programmable subcutaneous (s.c.) stimulators into CM bilaterally in 7 patients with intractable epilepsy to test feasibility and safety. Stimulation was on or off in 3-month blocks, with a 3-month washout period in a double-blind, cross-over protocol. Stimuli were delivered as 90-microseconds pulses at 65 pulses/s, 1 min of each 5 min for 2 h/day, with voltage set to half the sensory threshold. Stimulation was safe and well-tolerated, with a mean reduction of tonic-clonic seizure frequency of 30% with respect to baseline when stimulator was on versus a decrease of 8% when the stimulator was off. There was no improvement in total number of generalized seizures with stimulation, and treatment differences were not statistically significant. Stimulation at low intensity did not alter the EEG acutely, but high-intensity stimulation induced slow waves or 2-3 Hz spike-waves with ipsilateral frontal maximum. In an open-label follow-up segment with stimulator trains continuing for 24 h/day, 3 of 6 patients reported at least a 50% decrease in seizure frequency. There were no side effects. This pilot project demonstrated the feasibility of controlled study of thalamic stimulation in epilepsy, but further study will be needed to demonstrate efficacy.
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PMID:Placebo-controlled pilot study of centromedian thalamic stimulation in treatment of intractable seizures. 139 27

In 51 children with different types of epilepsy, blood flow velocities in the middle cerebral artery were recorded continuously by transcranial Doppler sonography during a standard electroencephalogram of 30 min duration. In 16 children 33 epileptic seizures were recorded. During tonic seizures, the mean flow velocity increased to a maximum of 133%-191% (median 160%) of the baseline values. Tonic-clonic seizures were also accompanied by a velocity increase. During absence seizures the mean flow velocity decreased to a minimum of 46%-82% (median 71%) of the baseline values. Changes in cerebral metabolism and arterial blood pressure in the presence of disturbed autoregulation are thought to be factors causing these alterations. No alteration of the flow velocities occurred in cases of petit-mal status, electrical status epilepticus and in 35 children with generalized epileptic discharges of up to 5 s duration without clinical manifestations.
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PMID:Intracranial blood flow velocities during seizures and generalized epileptic discharges. 139 36

A 76-year-old male with chief complaints of back and right leg sciatica was hospitalized. His abdominal CT scan revealed lumber spondylitic stenosis. A laminectomy was performed. Postoperatively, he became febrile, aphasic and had grand mal seizure. A left craniotomy of the front abscess, seen in the CT scan, was performed. H and E stained smears of drainage revealed dematiaceous, septate hyphae. Cultures of the abscess drainage grew an olivaceous-grey fungus. Based on macro- and micro-morphological characters, growth at 42 degrees C, and exoantigenic analysis, the patient's fungus was identified as Xylohypha bantiana. Treatment with amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine was initiated. Despite surgical procedures and antifungal therapy, the patient's condition deteriorated and he died a few weeks later due to cerebral edema. The case reported here is the first microscopically, culturally, histopathologically and exoantigenically proven case of phaeohyphomycosis caused by X. bantiana in the province of Alberta and from Canada. A review of the literature on cases of X. bantiana infections has also been presented.
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PMID:Cerebral phaeohyphomycosis caused by Xylohypha bantiana, with a review of the literature. 139 2

A 22-month-old child had a generalized tonic-clonic seizure during attempted orotracheal intubation and broke the laryngoscope bulb with his teeth. The glass was swallowed but passed uneventfully through the gastrointestinal tract. The possibility of this unusual complication should be considered when patients at risk for seizures are intubated by the orotracheal route.
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PMID:Glass ingestion from fracture of a laryngoscope bulb. 140 58

The action of MK-801 (NMDA antagonist; 0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg, IP) was tested against picrotoxin-induced seizures (3-6 mg/kg, IP) in rats aged 7, 12, 18, 25, and 90 days. We found MK-801 only inconsistently affected clonic seizures in 12- and 25-day-old rats, whereas tonic-clonic seizures were suppressed or delayed in almost all age groups. In addition, the lethality of picrotoxin was diminished by the higher dose of MK-801 in all age groups. The results suggest: a) different generators for both seizure patterns (clonic and tonic-clonic), b) an involvement of NMDA receptors in the genesis of tonic-clonic seizure pattern, and c) an interaction of MK-801 with GABAergic transmission throughout the entire development studied.
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PMID:Picrotoxin-induced tonic-clonic seizures and lethality are decreased by MK-801 in developing rats. 140 14

A 19-year-old female was admitted to hospital due to a schizophrenia-like psychosis of the paranoid type including delusions and various hallucinations. Neurologically she only showed tics of the eyebrows with increased eye blinking. 30 months before an astrocytoma located on the left basal temporal lobe had been resected after the patient suffered from several psychomotor and two grand mal seizures. Following post-operative anticonvulsant therapy seizures had completely disappeared and the patient had been free of symptoms of any kind. After the acute onset of the psychosis another follow-up MRI of the brain using coronary sections revealed a small relapse-tumor. Symptoms disappeared after high-dose neuroleptic therapy. Finally another surgical intervention led to a lasting remission of the psychotic symptomatology (so far 18 months). Postoperatively neuroleptics could be discontinued. Clinical picture and MRI findings will be discussed with a focus on possible etiological factors in schizophrenia.
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PMID:[Remission of schizophreniform psychosis after brain tumor surgery]. 141 83

Felbamate (FBM) monotherapy was evaluated in 44 patients with uncontrolled partial onset seizures in a unique, single-center, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group trial. During the 56-day baseline period, patients were required to have at least 8 seizures and to be receiving only one standard antiepileptic drug (AED) at a therapeutic level; a second AED was allowed if at a subtherapeutic level. Patients were randomized to valproate (VPA), 15 mg/kg, or to FBM, 3,600 mg/day. In the treatment phase, previous AEDs were discontinued by study day 28 (by one-third decrements on study days 1, 14, and 28). Study end points were completion of 112 study days or the fulfilling of escape criteria. Criteria for escape relative to baseline were: two-fold increase in monthly seizure frequency, two-fold increase in highest 2-day seizure frequency, single generalized tonic-clonic seizure (GTC) if none occurred during baseline, or significant prolongation of GTCs. The predetermined primary efficacy variable was the number of patients escaping in each treatment group. Nineteen patients on VPA and 3 on FBM met escape criteria (p less than 0.001, chi-square test). When overall seizure frequency among study completers was compared with baseline, the FBM group had a 50 to 65% reduction in seizure frequency. FBM adverse experiences were all mild or moderate in severity, and the incidence of adverse experiences was lower in monotherapy. FBM monotherapy was effective in the treatment of partial onset seizures with or without generalization and demonstrated a favorable safety profile.
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PMID:Felbamate monotherapy: controlled trial in patients with partial onset seizures. 849 49

Benign myoclonic epilepsy in infancy (BME) is characterized by the occurrence of brief myoclonic attacks in normal infants aged 4 months to 3 years. There is no prior personal history, although in some patients 1 or 2 isolated febrile convulsions may occur prior to the onset of myoclonias. A family history of epilepsy or febrile convulsions is present in 30% of cases. Myoclonic attacks are short and mild, they involve mainly the head and upper limbs. The psychomotor development continues normally after the onset of seizures. The EEG shows a normal background activity and generalized spike-wave or polyspike-wave discharges associated with the myoclonias. These abnormalities are activated by drowsiness and during the first stages of sleep. A clinical and EEG photosensitivity is present in one-third of the patients. Myoclonias can be easily controlled by valproate monotherapy. Rare grand mal seizures can occur during adolescence, after withdrawal of drug treatment. The psychomotor evolution is good if treatment is started early. When myoclonias begin during the first year of life, the diagnoses of cryptogenic infantile spasms and of non-epileptic benign infantile myoclonus must be eliminated. In cases with a later onset, the following diagnoses can usually be easily discarded: cryptogenic Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, myoclonic-astatic epilepsy and unclassified epilepsies with the association of myoclonias and other types of seizures.
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PMID:Benign myoclonic epilepsy of infancy: electroclinical symptomatology and differential diagnosis from the other types of generalized epilepsy of infancy. 141 73


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