Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0494475 (tonic-clonic seizure)
 1,319 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Primary reading epilepsy was diagnosed by special electroencephalographic (EEG) studies in an adolescent youth after his first grand mal seizure. Similar studies of members in three generations of his family showed primary reading epilepsy in his first cousin and in two of his siblings. The disorder in the siblings had not been noticed by parents or teachers and probably would have remained undetected without the use of special techniques. This pedigree buttresses other reported evidence for autosomal dominant transmission of reading epilepsy. The centrencephalic EEG trait also is present in some members of this family. The possible inplications of this association are discussed.
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PMID:Inheritance of reading epilepsy. 81 Jul 38

Benzonal was given to 52 epileptics. In 50 cases the duration of treatment ranged from 3 months to 7 years (mean 18 months) in doses of 100-500 mg daily, in 2 cases it had to be withdrawn after a short-term treatment because of intolerance. In all cases the drug was given together with other anticonvulsants: hydantoin, derivatives, mysodin, Tegretol, pheneturid or Ospolot in place of previously administered phenobarbital. It was found that benzonal reduced significantly the frequency of partial simple seizures (in 6 out of 20 cases) and grand mal seizures (in 24 out of 34 cases), while its action on the partial complex seizures was much weaker (improvement in only 7 out of 20 cases). The drug was usually well tolerated, side effects of greater intensity developed in 2 cases only, transient somnolence was observed in another 6 cases. In EEG records a slight favourable effect was exerted on pathological background activity with absent effect in focal changes and increase of seizure activity. The authors believe that in view of its favourable clinical action and good tolerance the drug may be widely used in properly selected cases of epilepsy.
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PMID:[Clinico-electroencephalographic observations in epileptic patients during long-term treatment with benzonal]. 81 1

A 36-year-old white man had both acute intermittent porphyria and long-standing idiopathic grand mal seizures. Diphenylhydantoin apparently adversely affected both the clinical and biochemical parameters of the acute intermittent porphyria. Comparison of urinary levels of the porphyrin precursors, delta aminolevulinic acid and porphobilinogen, under controlled diet conditions before and after withdrawal of diphenylhydantoin, showed that this drug accounted for approximately one-half of the porphyrin precursor excretion. Significant clinical improvement of the porphyria followed withdrawal of the diphenylhydantoin. Bromides appeared to be approximately as effective as diphenylhydantoin for seizure control in this patient.
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PMID:Grand mal seizures and acute intermittent porphyria. The problem of differential diagnosis and treatment. 81 8

Sodium valproate 400 mg.-1800 mg. daily has been used for 1-4 months in the management of 35 patients with intractable epilepsy. This preliminary report indicates that the agent is a useful addition to anti-convulsant therapy with beneficial effect to the majority of patients with gran mal, petit mal, nyoclonus and akinetic attacks. Temporal lobe epilepsy and other focal cortical seizures responded less well. There were some minor gastrointestinal and neurological side-effects which subsided with time or the reduction of dosage. The transition period while other anticonvulsants were being withdrawn was accompanied by grand mal seizures in 6 patients. It appears that sodium valproate requires 7-10 days to becoms fully active and that other anticonvulsants should be withdrawn only after the patient is established on a maintenance dosage. Comparison with clonazepam suggests that the latter is more effective in the control of petit mal and temporal lobe epilepsy but has more persistent sedative effects. Most patients transferred from other anticonvulsants to sodium valproate felt more alert and able to concentrate better.
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PMID:Sodium valproate in the management of intractable epilepsy: comparison with clonazepam. 81 47

Petit mal absences in childhood are often followed by grand mal seizures in adolescence and a coexistence of both types of seizures is not uncommon at all. It is noteworthy, however, that such a coexistence does not imply immediate transition from one type of seizure into the other one. Hence, a grand mal attack may be prepared by all sorts of focal seizures, psychomotor automatisms or bilateral-synchronous myoclonus but immediately preceding petit mal (with generalized spike-wave discharges) is probably extremely rare. The presented case is characterized by unusually late onset of petit mal and grand mal seizures at age 32 and, following a mild head injury, a few episodes of petit mal status (ictal stupor) at age 52. At that time, a series of petit mal absences and eventually a smooth transition from petit mal to grand mal could be recorded. Uncommon frequency characteristics (especially some interspersed spiking at a rate of 9-15/sec) were found at the onset of the ictal spike-wave activity during the petit mal absences. This is regarded as the expression of failing inhibitory mechanisms which generally prevent the immediate development of a grand mal out of a petit mal absence.
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PMID:Immediate transition from a petit mal absence into a grand mal seizure. Case report. 81 90

A study was conducted in 9 children with petit mal epilepsy to compare the plasma levels of ethosuximide after divided daily administration with those after single daily administration. The children received their previously established dose in divided doses for 4 wk, single morning doses for 4 wk, and again in divided doses for 4 wk. None of the children suffered petit mal seizures during the study. Three had grand mal seizures but the frequency did not differ between the dosage regimens. Plasma levels during the single-dose period peaked more rapidly and fell more quickly than during the other periods, but mean levels remained in the therapeutic range. The mean half-life of the drug in these children was 29 hr. For reasons not understood, plasma levels generally were lower in the second divided dose period than in the other two periods. No adverse experiences were reported during the study. The data indicate that ethosuximide is clinically effective when given in a single daily dose. This regimen offers advantages in convenience and possibly in patient compliance.
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PMID:Ethosuximide dosage regimens. 81 88

A patient with chronic renal failure received sodium polystyrene sulfonate and magnesium hydroxide for the treatment of hyperkalemia. This combination therapy produced a severe metabolic alkalosis which, in the presence of the patient's chronic hypocalcemia, precipitated a grand mal seizure.
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PMID:Alkalosis and seizure due to a cation-exchange resin and magnesium hydroxide. 81 99

Types of seizures, age at onset of epilepsy, preoperative duration of epilepsy, and age at operation were studied in the literature and in 74 patients who underwent unilateral temporal lobe resection in 1960-1969 in Denmark. The medical and surgical series were compared. The age at onset was significantly lower in the surgical series. Prognostically favourable factors were: i) preoperative presence of a single type of seizure; ii) duration of epilepsy of less than 4 years, and in grand mal epilepsy of less than 1 year; iii) operation for epilepsy in or before early adulthood. Prognostically unfavourable factors were i) preoperative presence of grand mal; ii) age at onset of epilepsy or of the first grand mal seizure between 5 and 20 years; iii) preoperative duration of psychomotor epilepsy over 10 years.
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PMID:Temporal lobe epilepsy: types of seizures, age, and surgical results. 81 58

Prior to the release of carbamazepine for the treatment of patients with psychomotor and grand mal seizures, primidone was regarded as the drug of choice for these disorders, especially when combined with diphenylhydantoin (DPH). It was, therefore, of interest to compare the effectiveness of carbamazepine against primidone when added to a therapeutic dose of DPH. Forty-five patients completed a 6-month study with each patient serving as his own control. The patients were initially stabilized on therapeutic doses of DPH and one of the test compounds, while all other medications were withdrawn. After 3 months of treatment, they were transferred onto the other drug for a second 3-month period. Extensive laboratory testing, including anticonvulsant levels, electroencephalograms, and neuropsychological evaluations, was performed. For the most part, the patients remained on outpatient status, returning for reports of seizure frequency, side effects, and laboratory studies every 14 days. The study was conducted in a single blind fashion by the treating neurologists; double blind by the electroencephalographer and psychologists. The results indicated that the two drugs did not differ in their effectiveness on seizure control. There were somewhat more side effects--none serious--with carbamazepine than with primidone. The EEG showed increased fast activity with primidone and increased theta activity with carbamazepine. There was no difference in regard to decrease of electroencephalographic seizure discharges. The patients showed more impairment on a repeatable neuropsychological test battery with primidone than with carbamazepine, and they also showed an increase on the psychopathic deviate scale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Inventory. Depressive feelings, when present, lessened while under treatment with carbamazepine. The results suggest that patients with the seizure types under consideration and who do not respond to DPH alone or to a DPH-phenobarbital combination can be placed on either carbamazepine or primidone while phenobarbital is discontinued. A patient who is intellectually and emotionally intact with no past history of behavioral disturbances may do better on primidone than carbamazepine, because this drug gives fewer side effects. On the other hand, those patients who have a past history of emotional and/or intellectual disturbances may profit more from carbamazepine.
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PMID:A comparison of the effectiveness of primidone versus carbamazepine in epileptic outpatients. 81 30

Ruthenium red was administered to mice and cats intracranially or intraperitoneally. In mice, intracisternal administration produced status epilepticus and tonic convulsions. In contrast, intraperitoneal administration induced total flaccid paralysis lasting several hours. These effects of Ruthenium red were partially blocked by the simultaneous administration of CaCl2. EDTA, at doses much greater than those of Ruthenium red, produced effects similar to those of the dye, which were also blocked by CaCl2 administration. In cats, intraventricular or intrahippocampal administration of Ruthenium red through a permanently implanted cannula produced after a few minutes subclinical paroxysmal activity in all brain regions recorded. After several hours the animals developed typical grand mal seizures. Intraperitoneal injection of Ruthenium red to cats did not affect the EEG but markedly depressed muscular activity. Administration of carbachol to the latter animals produced myoclonic responses. These results are discussed in relation to the inhibitory effect of Ruthenium red on Ca2+ transport and binding to membranes, and to the role of this cation on neurotransmitter release.
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PMID:Convulsions or flaccid paralysis induced by ruthenium red depending on route of administration. 82 18


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