Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0494475 (tonic-clonic seizure)
 1,319 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The prolactin concentration profile over 24 hours was determined in three men, aged 19, 27 and 43 years, who suffered from treatment-resistant complex-partial and (or) grand mal seizures of frontal lobe origin. All three patients were examined in the course of preoperative epilepsy diagnosis, the seizures being classified by video-EEG recordings, including subdural and sphenoidal foramen ovale electrodes. Seizures were recorded in all three patients (4 grand mal; 2 complex-partial), each of them followed by a rise in serum prolactin concentration (over 700 microU/ml). These findings contradict the theory that prolactin concentration rises only after temporal, not after frontal seizures. Knowing the postseizure serum prolactin concentration may help to distinguish frontal epileptic from psychogenic seizures.
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PMID:[Rise in serum prolactin concentration after frontal lobe seizures. Possibilities in differential diagnosis of psychogenic seizures]. 195 86

Measurement of postictal serum-prolactin concentrations in epileptic seizures in order to distinguish them from psychogenic seizures is at present used only rarely and non-systematically. Studies of 209 Grand mal seizures, 232 complex-partial seizures, 102 simple-partial seizures and 15 generalized seizures published between 1980 and 1987 differ in their standards of seizure classification as well as in their criteria for evaluating increases in postictal serum-prolactin concentrations. A significant rise was seen in 88% of Grand mal seizures, 78% of complex-partial seizures, 22% of simple-partial seizures and 6% of generalized seizures. The discussion of both these general findings and our own investigations is based on the presentation of neuroanatomical and neurophysiological principles of prolactin secretion.
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PMID:[Neurophysiologic principles and clinical value of post-convulsive serum prolactin determination in epileptic seizure]. 251 72

Zotepine, a new neuroleptic, was administered to 23 hospitalized patients with schizophrenia at doses of 75 to 600 mg/d for 21 to 42 days. Based upon analysis of conventional rating scales we observed a significant improvement (P less than 0.001) during week 1, which compound throughout the study period. After 21 days we identified 17 responders and 6 nonresponders, 2 of whom dropped out of the study because of a tonic-clonic seizure in one case and withdrawal of consent to further participation in the second case. During further treatment the improvement remaind stable in the responder group, while 1 nonresponder improved after 3 weeks of treatment. In 9 patients extrapyramidal symptoms were observed (6 parkinsonism, 2 early dyskinesia, 1 parkinsonism and early dyskinesia), which required sporadic (n = 3) or continuous (n = 2) treatment with biperiden in 5 cases. This low incidence of extrapyramidal symptoms necessitating coadministration of anticholinergic drugs suggests that the risk of inducing parkinsonism and dyskinesias during zotepine treatment is low. Comparison of cortisol, growth hormone and prolactin release in normal controls challenged with 25 mg zotepine showed that only prolactin secretion is increased, while secretion of cortisol and growth hormone remains unaffected. The clinical effects observed in the present study show that zotepine has potential value in the treatment of schizophrenia. The findings warrant further study in controlled trials.
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PMID:Clinical and neuroendocrine effects of zotepine--a new neuroleptic drug. 288 78

Determination of serum prolactin concentration was carried out under standardized conditions on 70 hospitalised patients after different types of epileptic, syncopal and psychogenic seizures. In cases of unconsciousness of unknown cause and of unobserved seizures there is evidence that the determination of postictal prolactin may help to clarify the diagnosis. Excluding patients with epileptic seizures due to alcohol withdrawal only in 70% of the patients was there a significant elevation of serum prolactin. The clinical procedure thus appears to be of importance also in the differential diagnosis of psychogenic seizures. Patients with epileptic seizures due to alcohol withdrawal showed an elevated prolactin concentration in only 45% of cases. Whereas an elevated serum prolactin level indicates the occurrence of a grand mal seizure, a normal prolactin level does not positively exclude epileptic seizures.
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PMID:[Differential diagnostic value of postictal serum prolactin determination]. 311 54

Serial serum prolactin and cortisol levels were measured in five patients after a grand mal seizure and in four volunteers with simulated seizures. Single levels were measured after a witnessed seizure in 26 patients and in a matched control group. Significant increase in both prolactin and cortisol levels occurred after seizures. The change in cortisol level may reflect a non-specific stress response, but the increase in prolactin levels could not be accounted for on this basis, and probably indicates an alteration in hypothalamic neurotransmitter activity during the seizure. These findings may have clinical value in the diagnosis of epilepsy.
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PMID:Serum prolactin and cortisol concentrations after grand mal seizures. 676 89

Epileptic grand mal seizures as well as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) induce a transient robust prolactin hypersecretion. Similar prolactin response has been demonstrated following pentylenetetrazol (Cardiazol)-induced seizures in two schizophrenic female patients. A slight increase in cortisol secretion but no change in thyroid stimulating hormone and growth hormone levels suggest that the prolactin response is a specific hormonal change during convulsive treatments.
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PMID:Prolactin Response to Pentylenetetrazol (Cardiazol) Convulsive Therapy. 1194 Oct 5

Sudden unexplained death in epilepsy occurs when epilepsy patients die suddenly and unexpectedly in the absence of recent tonic-clonic seizure activity. There is currently no known reliable indicator of acutely lethal seizure activity. Clinical studies record a relationship between recent (within 10-40 minutes) seizure activity and elevated serum prolactin levels, and postictal elevation of prolactin within peripheral vessels has proved clinically useful in determining recent seizure activity. The authors hypothesized that elevated prolactin could be detected in cerebral vessels by immunohistochemical stains, serving as a marker for sudden unexplained death in epilepsy. They conducted a retrospective study of individuals who died in their jurisdiction during the 14 years from 1986 through 1999. The study contained one group of individuals who died of sudden unexplained death in epilepsy, a group with epilepsy who died of some other cause, and a control group whose members died rapidly of a gunshot wound of the torso. Sections of hippocampus and neocortex were obtained and stained with a polyclonal prolactin antibody. No significant difference in the level of immunostaining for prolactin in cerebral vessels was found between the experimental and control groups. A review of the protocols used indicates that revision of certain aspects may provide better immunostaining and more conclusive results.
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PMID:Diagnosis of sudden unexplained death in epilepsy by immunohistochemical staining for prolactin in cerebral vessels. 1260 94