Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0494475 (tonic-clonic seizure)
 1,319 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Benign myoclonic epilepsy in infancy (BME) is characterized by the occurrence of brief myoclonic attacks in normal infants aged 4 months to 3 years. There is no prior personal history, although in some patients 1 or 2 isolated febrile convulsions may occur prior to the onset of myoclonias. A family history of epilepsy or febrile convulsions is present in 30% of cases. Myoclonic attacks are short and mild, they involve mainly the head and upper limbs. The psychomotor development continues normally after the onset of seizures. The EEG shows a normal background activity and generalized spike-wave or polyspike-wave discharges associated with the myoclonias. These abnormalities are activated by drowsiness and during the first stages of sleep. A clinical and EEG photosensitivity is present in one-third of the patients. Myoclonias can be easily controlled by valproate monotherapy. Rare grand mal seizures can occur during adolescence, after withdrawal of drug treatment. The psychomotor evolution is good if treatment is started early. When myoclonias begin during the first year of life, the diagnoses of cryptogenic infantile spasms and of non-epileptic benign infantile myoclonus must be eliminated. In cases with a later onset, the following diagnoses can usually be easily discarded: cryptogenic Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, myoclonic-astatic epilepsy and unclassified epilepsies with the association of myoclonias and other types of seizures.
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PMID:Benign myoclonic epilepsy of infancy: electroclinical symptomatology and differential diagnosis from the other types of generalized epilepsy of infancy. 141 73

Forty-three cases of absence seizure were studied from the viewpoint of prognosis. thirty-three had been seizure-free for at least one year until the time of follow-up. The remaining 10 cases were uncontrollable and their plasma levels of the drugs were measured. The following characteristics were more significantly found in the uncontrollable group: (1) late onset (14 years old or later) (2) preceding grand mal seizures (3) accompanying automatisms. The above three factors were found to be interrelated. (4) concomitant grand mal seizures of sleep or diffuse (other than awakening) type (5) psychological disturbances (low intelligence, circuitous character) and (6) chronological shift to the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.
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PMID:Uncontrollable cases of absence. 678 Apr 35

Paradoxically, an antiepileptic drug (AED) may aggravate epilepsy. The number of AEDs is steadily increasing, and the occurrence of paradoxical aggravation will probably become a frequent problem. The overall status of the patient treated for epilepsy can be altered due to maladjustment to the diagnosis of epilepsy, to unwanted side-effects, to overdosage and to the occurrence of tolerance. However, the main mechanism of aggravation is the occurrence of an inverse pharmacodynamic effect. The specific effect of the AED is such that it controls epilepsy in most cases and increases seizures in other cases. Idiopathic generalised epilepsies (IGE) are particularly prone to pharmacodynamic aggravation: typical absences are constantly increased by carbamazepine (CBZ), vigabatrin, tiagabine, gabapentin, while phenytoin (PHT) is less aggravating. Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy is often aggravated by CBZ, less constantly by PHT and other AEDs. Generalised tonic-clonic seizures found in IGEs may respond to AEDs that aggravate the other seizure types. In symptomatic generalised epilepsies, patients have often several seizure types that respond differently to AEDs: myoclonias are generally aggravated by the same drugs that aggravated IGEs; tonic seizures in the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome respond to CBZ, which may however aggravate atypical absences. In severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy, there is a nearly constant aggravating effect of lamotrigine. In some patients with benign rolandic epilepsy, a clear aggravation may be produced by CBZ, with occurrence of negative myoclonias, atypical absences, drop attacks, and at the maximum evolution into a state of electrical status epilepticus during sleep. It is much more difficult to pinpoint specific pharmacological sensitivity in other focal epilepsies, but aggravation clearly occurs. When treating epilepsy, the clinician should act according to seizure type, or, better, to epilepsy type. Patients are usually aware of aggravation before their doctors: we should listen carefully whenever they express a 'dislike' for an AED.
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PMID:When antiepileptic drugs aggravate epilepsy. 1072 56

Wikipedia is the most commonly accessed source of health information by both healthcare professionals and the lay public worldwide. We aimed to evaluate information-seeking behavior of Internet users searching the Italian Wikipedia for articles related to epilepsy and its treatment. Using Pageviews Analysis, we assessed the total and mean monthly views of articles from the Italian Wikipedia devoted to epilepsy, epileptic syndromes, seizure type, and antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) from January 1, 2015 to October 31, 2017. We compared the views of the article on epilepsy with those of articles focusing on Alzheimer's disease, migraine, multiple sclerosis, syncope, and stroke and adjusted all results for crude disease prevalence. With the only exception of the article on multiple sclerosis, the adjusted views for the Italian Wikipedia article on epilepsy were higher than those for the other neurological disorders. The most viewed articles on seizure type were devoted to tonic-clonic seizure, typical absence seizure, tonic convulsive seizures, and clonic convulsive seizures. The most frequently accessed articles on epilepsy syndromes were about temporal lobe epilepsy and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. The most frequently viewed articles on AEDs were devoted to valproic acid, carbamazepine, and levetiracetam. Wikipedia searches seem to mirror patients' fears and worries about epilepsy more than its actual epidemiology. The ultimate reasons for searching online remain unknown. Epileptologists and epilepsy scientific societies should make greater efforts to work jointly with Wikipedia to convey more accurate and up-to-date information about epilepsy.
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PMID:Italian Wikipedia and epilepsy: An infodemiological study of online information-seeking behavior. 2945 7