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Query: UMLS:C0476089 (endometrial cancer)
 11,379 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Research and development in contraception has only limited interest in women over 35 years old, so we know little about safety, side effects, and effectiveness of contraceptives in this age group. In addition, clinical trials use healthy women which further limits our knowledge about contraceptives in women who have cardiovascular problems, diabetes, and liver conditions. Research does indicate, however, that women with high blood pressure should not take oral contraceptives (OCs) after the age of 35. It also shows that healthy and nonobese women over 35 who do not smoke and have no family history of cardiovascular disease before age 45 can take OCs with 30 mcg of ethinyl estradiol. Practitioners should provide these women with balanced and up-to-date information on the link between OCs and breast cancer and their apparent protective effect against endometrial cancer. The pregnancy rate for 35-39 year old married women using the diaphragm for at least 5 months stands at 1.1/100 women years. Contrary to popular belief, barrier methods can be harmful, e.g., urinary tract infections are more frequent in women who use the diaphragm than in those who do not. Women older than 35 should consider the condom because of its ability to reduce the risk of acquiring HIV or sexually transmitted diseases. Considerable research exists on women over 35 who use copper releasing IUDs. These IUDs are safe in women who do not have heavy menstrual bleeding. The levonorgestrel releasing IUDs are well tolerated in women over 35 since they reduce the amount and duration of menstrual bleeding. Besides users of these IUDs are less likely to have pelvic inflammatory disease and endometritis than those using copper releasing IUDs. Older women in developing countries often undergo hysterectomy for contraceptive purposes and because of heavy bleeding. Tubal ligation is a significant family planning method for older women in developing countries.
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PMID:Contraception after thirty-five. 131 37

L-Ascorbic acid inhibits the growth of mouse neuroblastoma and human endometrial carcinoma cells at concentrations greater than 100 microM. Under the same concentrations used in cell culture study, normal human lung fibroblasts show less sensitivity to the antiproliferative effect of ascorbate than tumor cell lines. The antitumor activity of ascorbate can be greatly potentiated by the combination with copper ions or copper chelates. The exposure of normal and tumor cells to the mixtures of ascorbate and copper chelates, especially Cu2+-o-phenanthroline and Cu2+-2,9-dimethyl-o-phenanthroline complexes, resulted in the killing of a large proportion of cell populations whereas the organic ligand portion of metal complexes was much less toxic. These copper chelates in combination with ascorbate showed different degrees of DNA-scission activities which could not be correlated with their cytotoxicities in the cell culture study. It is suggested that the primary targets of these antiproliferative agents may be on the biological sites such as cell membrane other than DNA in the nucleus which has been commonly assumed as the critical target for most free radical-generating antitumor drugs.
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PMID:Antiproliferative and DNA-scission activities of L-ascorbic acid in the presence of copper chelates. 293 76

Nutritional parameters of patients with cervical cancer and endometrial cancer were prospectively evaluated. Analysis of anthropometric assessments that were abnormal in as many as 52% of patients indicated little difference between organ sites in mean values or percentage of patients with abnormal values. Biochemical parameters included serum albumin, total iron-binding capacity, copper, zinc, and creatinine height index. An abnormal value was present in as many as 60% of patients. Multiple abnormal values were more likely to be present in patients with endometrial cancer. Abnormal vitamin levels were more commonly present in patients with cervical cancer. When compared to control values, levels of plasma folate, beta carotene, and vitamin C were significantly lower in patients with cervical cancer. Patients with endometrial cancer had significantly lower levels of beta carotene and vitamin C. Analysis of surgical complications suggested a correlation with specific nutritional deficits.
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PMID:Corpus and cervix cancer: a nutritional comparison. 393 76

The rate of IUD complications has been reduced by the development of IUDs made out of copper and by the improvement of their shape. The number of women using IUDs has increased steadily over the last 10 years. The negative aspects are circulatory problems, discharges, undesired pregnancies, and infection of the genitalia. The improved copper IUD can remain effective for up to 7 years. There has been no correlation shown between the use of the IUD and cancer of the endometrium or cervix. For IUD users who have not been pregnant, the cause of infection can often be found in other risk factors such as frequency of intercourse and the number of sexual partners. If the following steps are taken, the IUD can be as reliable and acceptable as hormonal contraceptives: 1) careful selection of the right women for insertion of the IUD; 2) detailed explanation of this method of contraception; 3) correct insertion of the IUD by a physician under sterile conditions; and 4) regular examination of the IUD user. The method is especially suitable for women who have completed their family planning as well as for older women for whom the risks of hormonal contraceptives are increased. It is also suitable for "family spacing."
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PMID:[Value of intrauterine contraception]. 404 35

Medicated IUDs such as copper IUDs and progesterone-releasing IUDs represent a new development in this form of contraception. All IUDs act by causing an inflammatory reaction at the endometrial level. Techniques of insertion vary from one model to the other; insertion always requires an experienced practitioner, and postabortion or midmenstruation insertions are to be preferred. Pregnancy with IUD in situ is a rare occurrence; the IUD must then be immediately removed. Ectopic pregnancies are about 5-10% of all pregnancies with the device in situ. IUD complications are uterine perforation, mostly done at time of insertion, and pelvic infection which, if untreated, can cause infertility; this is the reason why an IUD is never recommended to a nullipara. Pain and bleeding are the most common side effects. When the strings of the device are not visible, translocation of the device inside the uterine cavity must be suspected. The choice of the wrong type of IUD or a bad insertion can cause spontaneous expulsion of the device. IUD wearers must be regularly seen by a doctor; there is no correlation between IUD use and cervical or endometrial carcinoma.
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PMID:[Intrauterine devices]. 745 47

Women throughout the world and throughout time have ingested substances such as mercury, diluted copper ore, and various noxious solutions in the mistaken belief that these substances would prevent pregnancy. The era of modern contraception began in 1937 with the discovery that the administration of progesterone could halt ovulation in rabbits. During the next decade, work proceeded on finding an easy and less expensive way to synthesize progesterone and to develop the synthetic estrogens mestranol and ethinyl estradiol. Initial trials in humans proved that these hormones could prevent ovulation. In 1950, with support from Margaret Sanger and Katharine Dexter McCormick, Gregory Goodwin Pincus developed the first oral contraceptive (OC), which consisted of supplemental progestin and 0.5 mg norethindrone. In the early 1990s, the Ortho Pharmaceutical Corporation introduced an OC that combined the synthetic progesterone norgestimate and 35 mcg of ethinyl estradiol. By 1988, several noncontracepting health benefits of the OC were recognized, including decreased rates of ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, pelvic inflammatory disease, ovarian cysts, benign breast disease, iron deficiency anemia, and dysmenorrhea. These health benefits outweigh risks even in nonsmoking women over 40. In the US, 80% of women have used the OC at one time, and they are using this most popular form of reversible contraception longer than ever.
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PMID:A history of oral contraception: from evolution to revolution. 767 Apr 17

A comparative study was carried out in 350 women using VCu200 intrauterine devices (IUD) and 350 women using stainless steel ring (SSR) IUD for 5-18 years. The endometrial changes and shapes of IUD were studied. The results showed that the pregnancy rate was significantly lower in VCu200 group after 5 years of insertion. In spite of the oxidation, erosion or breakage of the copper wire, calcium deposit of even deformation of the IUD, they were not associated with an increased incidence of endometrial carcinoma and pelvic inflammatory disease. It is suggested that VCu200 IUD need not to be removed if the IUD keeps normal shape and the copper wire remains intact by X ray examination.
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PMID:[Long-term clinical observation on VCu200 intrauterine devices]. 783 33

The relationship between intrauterine device (IUD) use and the development of endometrial cancer was assessed in data from seven countries that were collected between 1979 and 1988 for a multinational hospital-based case-control study. Two hundred twenty-six cases of endometrial cancer were compared with 1,529 controls matched for age, hospital, and year of interview. No significant association between use of an IUD and risk of endometrial cancer was observed (OR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.4-1.33). There were no trends in risk with respect to duration of use, time since first use, or ages at first or last use. No cases had used a copper IUD (OR = 0, 95% CI = 0-1.71). Although women over age 55 who had used an IUD were at significantly increased risk, this unexpected finding is based on small numbers of users and requires independent confirmation. These results, along with those from other studies, provide reassurance that risk of endometrial cancer is unlikely to be increased by use of an IUD.
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PMID:Intrauterine devices and endometrial cancer. The WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives. 896 60

Data from a population-based case-control study were used to evaluate the risk of endometrial cancer among women who have used an intra-uterine device (IUD). Incident cases were identified between 1985 and 1991 among women aged 45-74 years who were residents of one of 3 counties in Washington State. Controls were selected by random digit dialing, and both groups of subjects received an in-person detailed interview. In this study population, women who had ever used an IUD were estimated to have a risk of endometrial cancer that was 0.61 times that of other women (95% CI 0.41-0.89). The reduction in cancer risk was not found to be dependent on duration of IUD use. There was a suggestion that women who had used intra-uterine contraception relatively late in reproductive life experienced a greater reduction in risk than those whose use was more distant or at a younger age. The relative risk among the small number of women who were currently using an IUD was 0.49 (95% CI 0.12-2.80). These results apply to the use of inert and copper IUDs as there was no use of progestin-releasing IUDs among women in the study population. The data from this and several other studies of the question support the hypothesis that use of an IUD has a favorable effect on the subsequent risk of endometrial cancer. The reason(s) for such a reduced risk is unclear.
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PMID:Endometrial cancer in relation to intra-uterine device use. 903 27

IUDs invoke acute and chronic inflammatory responses in the endometrium. The authors therefore explored whether the prolonged insertion of an IUD increases one's risk of developing endometrial cancer. The relation between the use of an IUD and endometrial cancer risk was examined using data from a multicenter case-control study involving 405 endometrial cancer cases and 297 population controls. 20 cases and 34 controls reported using an IUD. After adjusting for potential confounders, IUD use was not associated with an increased risk of endometrial cancer. A small reduction in risk was observed among women who last used an IUD within 10 years of the index date, with the risk further reduced among women who last used an IUD more than 10 years ago. Risk did not vary consistently with the number of years of IUD use or with years since first use. Furthermore, the level of risk was not increased among women who used inert devices or those who used copper-containing devices.
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PMID:Intrauterine device use and endometrial cancer risk. 922 73


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