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Query: UMLS:C0476089 (endometrial cancer)
 11,379 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The relationship between argyrophil nucleolar organizer region (Ag-NOR) protein quantity and prognosis was studied in 33 cases of stage I endometrial adenocarcinoma. Ag-NOR protein quantity was measured by image analysis in silver-stained sections from paraffin-embedded samples of curettings. Patients had a minimum 10-year follow-up. Only 2 out of 25 patients exhibiting a mean Ag-NOR protein area of less than 3 microns2 died of cancer, whereas 5 of the 8 patients with a mean Ag-NOR protein area of more than 3 microns2 died of the disease. The present results demonstrate that the Ag-NOR protein value is closely related to patient survival in stage I endometrial carcinoma and that it is a reliable prognostic indicator in this type of carcinoma.
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PMID:Ag-NOR protein distribution correlates with patient survival in stage I endometrial adenocarcinoma. 141 87

A high incidence of endometrial adenocarcinoma and pre-neoplastic lesions was induced in ICR mice treated with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and 17 beta-oestradiol within 23 weeks. The endometrial lesions were histopathologically similar to those of human subjects. To assess the cell proliferative activity of these lesions, a one-step silver colloid staining for nucleolar organizer regions was applied and the numbers of silver-stained nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) were counted. The mean numbers +/- SD of AgNORs in each lesion were as follows: simple hyperplasia, 2.07 +/- 0.36; complex hyperplasia without cytological atypia, 2.79 +/- 0.39; complex hyperplasia with cytological atypia, 3.43 +/- 0.38; and well-differentiated adenocarcinoma, 4.17 +/- 0.40. Significant differences were observed in each lesion (P < 0.001). These findings suggest that the mean numbers of Ag-NORs are increased in the progression of neoplastic changes in the mouse endometrium, as in human endometrial lesions. This rapid induction model of endometrial carcinoma in mice is useful in the understanding of the histogenesis of endometrial carcinoma in human subjects.
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PMID:Changes of silver-stained nucleolar organizer regions in mouse endometrial carcinogenesis induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and 17 beta-oestradiol. 145 90

The morphofunctional peculiarities of epithelial cells nucleoli in patients with glandular hyperplasia and endometrial cancer has been studied on the cytological smears from endometrium stained with silver nitrate were investigated. The patterns of nucleolonemic nucleoli content and high activity of nucleolar organizers in cancer of corpus uteri are revealed.
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PMID:[Morphofunctional features of the nucleoli in glandular hyperplasia and endometrial cancer]. 150 29

Fourteen of fifty-three cases of endometrial carcinoma (26 per cent) contained varying, usually small numbers of argyrophil cells, as demonstrated by Grimelius silver nitrate staining of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections. In eight cases the argyrophilia was present in the apical region of glandular cells (type 1 cells) or throughout the cytoplasm of glandular or squamous cells (type 2 cells). The distribution of argyrophilia in these cells closely paralleled that of mucin or glycogen, and pretreatment of the sections with disease resulted in a loss of argyrophilia in the glycogen-rich tumors. In six cases individual round, ovoid, and flask-shaped argyrophilic cells were present also within the glandular epithelium (type 3 cells). In all six cases, similarly distributed cells were positive immunohistochemically for serotonin. Immunohistochemical staining for a battery of polypeptide hormones (calcitonin, gastrin, somatostatin, adrenocorticotropin [ACTH], and neurotensin) revealed positive staining for ACTH in one of the six tumors that contained type 3 cells and positive staining for somatostatin in another. Ultrastructural examination of the ACTH- and serotonin-positive tumor disclosed cells with granules 80 nm in diameter. Types 1 and 2 argyrophil cells were found in small numbers in several specimens of normal proliferative and secretory endometrium, but type 3 argyrophil cells were not identified in these specimens. Although focal argyrophilia is a frequent feature of endometrial carcinomas (26 per cent), the presence of type 3 argyrophil cells containing hormones, as evidenced by the immunohistochemical demonstration of serotonin and occasionally polypeptide hormones, is much less common (11 per cent).
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PMID:Endometrial carcinoma with argyrophil cells: a histochemical and immunohistochemical analysis. 614 92

Uterine papillary serous adenocarcinoma (UPSC) is one of the most aggressive endometrial tumors. UPSC has been associated with an increased propensity for extrauterine spread. Survival rates of not more than 50% are commonly reported even for tumors which appear to be confined to the uterus. Small areas of UPSC can be found in otherwise well-differentiated endometrial lesions and yet still determine the overall prognosis. In the present study we evaluated histologic criteria that might be helpful in diagnosing small-volume UPSC, including silver-stained nucleolar organizer regions (AgNOR) which have prognostic importance in a variety of tumors, and nuclear size which has been used for prognostication in endometrial cancer. We examined 25 UPSC specimens and compared them to grade III (GIII, n = 10) and grade I (GI, n = 10) typical endometrial adenocarcinoma using the following parameters: mean AgNOR count per cell was UPSC 6, GIII 6.0, and GI 4.3; mean AgNOR area was UPSC 1.28 microns2, GIII 1.35 microns2, and GI 0.86 microns2; total AgNOR area per cell was UPSC 7.5 microns2, GIII 8.13 microns2, GI 4.47 microns2; and nuclear size was UPSC 66.9 microns2, GIII 60.3 microns2, GI 34.8 microns2. All differences between UPSC or GIII tumors and GI lesions were statistically significant. Overexpression of p53, as determined histochemically, was seen in 64% of the UPSC specimens. UPSC is characterized by high AgNOR count and area per cell, large nuclear size, and a high rate of p53 overexpression. Evaluation of these parameters in biopsy material may aid in selecting high-risk patients for adjuvant therapy trials.
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PMID:Histologic characterization of uterine papillary serous adenocarcinoma. 770 79

Nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) are loops of DNA that transcribe to ribosomal RNA. They can be visualized as intranuclear black dots by histochemical staining with a colloid silver solution. We applied this method to 78 sections of endometrial tissue obtained either from curettage or from hysterectomy specimens. The histological diagnoses were as follows: normal proliferative (N = 9) or secretory (N = 5) endometrium, simple hyperplasia (N = 10), complex hyperplasia (N = 18), atypical hyperplasia (N = 8), and adenocarcinoma (N = 28). Mean silver-stained NOR (AgNOR) counts per cell were 3.2 (standard error of the mean [SEM], 0.2) in normal proliferative and 2.7 (SEM, 0.2) in normal secretory epithelium, and increased to 4.1 (SEM, 0.3) in simple hyperplasia, to 5.4 (SEM, 0.4) in complex hyperplasia, to 8.1 (SEM, 0.7) in atypical hyperplasia, and finally to 10.0 (SEM, 0.5) in endometrial carcinoma. The differences were significant (one-factor analysis of variance [ANOVA], P < .001). A slight increase but no significant difference was seen between the mean AgNOR counts in endometrial carcinomas of different histological grades. Our study suggests that AgNOR counts are reliable markers of endometrial proliferation and allow a clear distinction between benign, premalignant, and malignant epithelial changes. Our AgNOR findings in endometrial hyperplasia support the concept of various degrees of hyperplasia that can be differentiated on morphological grounds.
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PMID:Nucleolar organizer regions as markers of endometrial proliferation: a study of normal, hyperplastic, and neoplastic tissue. 777 98

Nucleolar organizer regions, which are evaluated using a silver stain for paraffin-embedded sections (AgNOR), can be used as a measurement of cellular proliferative activity. In the endometrium significant differences have been seen between benign and malignant lesions. To determine if AgNOR counts are of prognostic value in endometrial cancer, we examined 28 patients who developed recurrent disease after surgical stage Ib and Ic endometrial cancer and compared this group with a matched control group of patients who did not develop recurrence. The mean AgNOR number per cell was significantly higher in patients with recurrent disease (P = 0.001). Only five of these patients had values less than 4, whereas only three of the control group had values higher than 4. There was also a significant difference in the percentage of cells with more than 5 and more than 8 AgNORs (P = 0.001). After radiation therapy, the number of AgNORs per cell decreased. Recurrent tumors had higher AgNOR counts than the respective primary tumors. In conclusion, patients at increased risk for recurrent endometrial cancer can be identified by high AgNOR counts. Further evaluation of this parameter and comparison to other prognostic factors seems warranted.
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PMID:Nucleolar organizer regions: a potential prognostic factor in adenocarcinoma of the endometrium. 806 36

Although tamoxifen is approved for the treatment of hormone-dependent breast cancer as well as for the prevention of breast cancer in high-risk women, several studies in animal models have shown that tamoxifen is heptocarcinogenic, and in humans, tamoxifen has been associated with an increased risk of endometrial cancer. One potential mechanism of tamoxifen carcinogenesis could involve metabolism of tamoxifen to 3,4-dihydroxytamoxifen followed by oxidation to a highly reactive o-quinone which has the potential to alkylate and/or oxidize cellular macromolecules in vivo. In the study presented here, we synthesized the 3,4-dihydroxytamoxifen, prepared its o-quinone chemically and enzymatically, and studied the reactivity of the o-quinone with GSH and deoxynucleosides. The E (trans) and Z (cis) isomers of 3,4-dihydroxytamoxifen were synthesized using a concise synthetic pathway (four steps). This approach is based on the McMurry reaction between the key 4-(2-chloroethoxy)-3,4-methylenedioxybenzophenone and propiophenone, followed by selective removal of the methylenedioxy ring of (E, Z)-1-[4-[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethoxy]phenyl]-1-(3, 4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-phenyl-1-butene with BCl(3). Oxidation of 3,4-dihydroxytamoxifen by activated silver oxide or tyrosinase gave 3,4-dihydroxytamoxifen-o-quinone as a mixture of E and Z isomers. The resulting o-quinone has a half-life of approximately 80 min under physiological conditions. Reaction of the o-quinone with GSH gave two di-GSH conjugates and three mono GSH conjugates. Incubation of 3,4-dihydroxytamoxifen with GSH in the presence of microsomal P450 gave the same GSH conjugates which were also detected in incubations with human breast cancer cells (MCF-7). Reaction of 3, 4-dihydroxytamoxifen-o-quinone with deoxynucleosides gave only thymidine and deoxyguanosine adducts; neither deoxyadenosine nor deoxycytosine adducts were detected. Preliminary studies conducted with human breast cancer cell lines showed that 3, 4-dihydroxytamoxifen exhibited cytotoxic potency similar to that of 4-hydroxytamoxifen and tamoxifen in an estrogen receptor negative (ER(-)) cell line (MDA-MB-231); however, in the ER(+) cell line (MCF-7), the catechol metabolite was about half as toxic as the other two compounds. Finally, in the presence of microsomes and GSH, 4-hydroxytamoxifen gave predominantly quinone methide GSH conjugates as reported in the previous paper in this issue [Fan, P. W., et al. (2000) Chem. Res. Toxicol. 13, XX-XX]. However, in the presence of tyrosinase and GSH, 4-hydroxytamoxifen was primarily converted to o-quinone GSH conjugates. These results suggest that the catechol metabolite of tamoxifen has the potential to cause cytotoxicity in vivo through formation of 3,4-dihydroxytamoxifen-o-quinone.
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PMID:Synthesis and reactivity of a potential carcinogenic metabolite of tamoxifen: 3,4-dihydroxytamoxifen-o-quinone. 1064 67

Silver nucleolar organizer region (AgNOR) staining was employed in one hundred specimens of endometrium. These included fifteen normal controls (Proliferative + Secretory endometrium) and eighty five lesions. Endometrial lesions comprised of endometritis (15), endometrial hyperplasia (25) and endometrial carcinoma (45). Three micron thick sections of paraffin embedded tissue were subjected to AgNOR staining as described by Crocker and Smith with a little modification of 0.01% safranin counterstain--The mean AgNOR scores were found to increase steadily from normal to endometritis to endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma--The observations revealed statistically significant differences in values between atypical hyperplasia and carcinoma also. AgNOR staining and scoring is simple, inexpensive and a useful adjunct to routine histopathology to evaluate endometrial lesions especially to differentiate borderline lesions. Though scores cannot be standardized and fixed for a particular lesion as there are intralaboratory variations.
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PMID:AgNORs in endometrial lesions. 1112 77

Some controversies regarding currently used contraceptive methods are reviewed. There are no newly available estrogens for oral contraceptives (OCs), but 2 progestins are coming into use: cyproterone acetate, which has a potent antiandrogenic action, and desogestrel, which combines a strong inhibitory effect on ovulaion and a marked peripheral progestin activity with very weak androgenic and anabolizing activity. New systems of administration will be used in the future to avoid the serum "peaks" observed in oral administration. The lack of agreement on the effects and secondary effects of various progestins will be a continuing source of discussion. 2 aspects of combined OCS, residual ovarian activity and androgenicity, are attracting increasing attention. Among new preparations, the combination of 2 mg cyproterone acetate and 50 mcg of ethinyl estradiol (EE) has been shown in multicenter European studies to have good effects on acne and satisfactory acceptance despite some hyperestrogenic secondary effects, which may be improved by a new dosage schedule. Triphasic preparations have given good results with significantly reduced steroid doses. There have been few recent findings concerning risks of OCs. The triphasic formulations and those containing desogestrel are too recent to have been subjected to epidemiologic study. The noncontraceptive benefits of OCs are becoming more apparent; they include protection against ovarian and endometrial cancer, functional ovarian cyst, ectopic pregnancy, salpingitis, benign breast disease, dysmenorrhea, rheumatoid arthritis, menorrhagia, and premenstrual syndrome. Improved knowledge of the mechanisms of action and local effects of IUDs permitted improved utilization. Ultastructural studies and endometrial exploration have show that non-fundally located IUDs entail greater risk of failure and complications. The question of early pregnancy with IUD use is still unresolved. Copper IUDs are now the most widely used type, but there are differences of apinion about whether the copper content should be increased or whether silver should be added to the core of the copper thread. IUDs with natural or synthetic progesterone may reduce bleeding and have other beneficial effects. Currently it is impossible to identify 1 particualr IUD as superior. IUD performance is improved by careful patient selection, choice of IUDs, and follow-up to identify and treat problems at an early stage. Improved spermicides such as Benzalkonjum chloride attracted greater attention to vaginal methods. The posibility of increased risk of toxic shock syndrome and teratogenic effects remain to be evaluated. Post-coital contraception continues to be important as yet no satisfactory new male methods have been developed. The US office of Technology Assessment has published a list of contraceptive developments or improvements expected by the year 2000.
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PMID:[Current issues in contraception]. 1233 71


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