Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0476089 (endometrial cancer)
 11,379 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The spectrum of progestin therapy has changed and expanded during the last few years. 1. The drug-therapy of choice in endometriosis is the medication of progestins for at least six months, for instance ethinyl-testosterone. If a patient wants additional children the "more gentle" dydrogesterone should be considered. 2. In the treatment of dysmenorrhea combination pills should be given, sequentials should be avoided. In the case of incompatibility of estrogens or in danger of oversuppression syndrome dydrogesterone should be applicated. 3. Dysfunctional bleedings should lead to an intense search for their cause. The treatment consists in an estrogen-progestin combination for 9 days and in cyclic continuation of this therapy for at least a further three months. In the case of hemorrhagic diathesis progestin treatment should be continued. 4. Cyclic adequate progestins have proofed to be successful in handling of hirsutism. The choice of the preparation depends on the patient's wish for children. 5. The progestin test is still the first step in diagnosis of amenorrhea. 6. Progestin therapy is indicated in progressive endometrial carcinoma. Some medical centres treat carcinoma of the mamma successfully with progestins. 7. Nowadays fast and early hormonal pregnancy tests are available. The progestin-pregnancy-test is limited to cases of premenopause. 8. The so-called short luteum phase has received considerable attention as a possible cause of infertility. In these cases a substitutional therapy of progestins should follow. Clomiphene or HCG-therapy is advisable. In short luteum phase and premenstrual spottings potent progestins should be given. 9. High dosage of progestins are in common use in the treatment of abortus imminens. 10. Combination pills and sequentials are widely used, the possible methods of a pure progestin contraception are: minipills, three-month-injections, implanted silastic capsules with progestional compounds, progestin impregnated intrauterine devices, vaginal silastic rings impregnated with progestional compounds. 11. Carcinogenesis of progestins was not detectable. 12. Some progestins are teratogenic.
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PMID:[Current status of gestagen administration. 2. Gestagen therapy in the area of reproduction]. 55 11

Practical value of screening depends on various characteristics of cancers themselves, suitable tests and programs being able to cover a sufficient part of the population. Cancers favourable for screening are those with a high prevalence in the population screened, a detectable preclinical stage and better treatment results if detected by screening than detected by symptoms. Suitable screening tests have to be highly sensitive and specific, simple, cheap and without any risk. Before the widespread application of a screening program as a public health measure scientific basis and rational organization should be well known and the benefit has to be evident. Cytological screening is the most effective measure in cervical cancer control. Screening also promises a reduction in mortality from breast cancer, but further evaluation is necessary before decisions can be made about the application as a public health measure. Selective screening is probably connected with an improved health care for high risk persons of endometrial cancer. Follow up with HCG-RIA after hydatidiform mole improves early detection and prognosis of trophoblastic neoplasias significantly.
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PMID:[Screening in gynecologic oncology]. 631 92

The treatment of patients with endometrial hyperplasia differs widely, ranging from immediate hysterectomy to no treatment or follow-up at all. This is due to the fact that a vital question has not been answered, namely: is endometrial hyperplasia a predecessor to carcinoma or not? In order to investigate whether endometrial hyperplasia is a premalignant state we have followed up 246 patients with abrasio only for 5 years. We found that there was no higher risk of CGH and adenomatous hyperplasia developing into a carcinomatous state than in normal cases. We found it possible to follow up these patients with abrasio only as scheduled. The very few patients developing carcinoma did so already at the first control after 3 months. Among atypical endometrial hyperplasias there was an increased risk of developing endometrial carcinoma. We could divide these patients into two groups: one with very severe atypia so close to carcinoma that an immediate hysterectomy was recommended. Nine out of 12 had already developed carcinoma at the time of the operation. In another group of 21 patients followed with abrasio only, 2 had developed carcinoma at the first control. This means that among 368 patients with endometrial hyperplasia followed-up with abrasio for 2 years, 13 were found to have carcinoma. Twelve patients with very severe atypia were recommended to have an operation and 9 were found to have cancer. Among the other 356 patients, 4 were found to have cancer at the first control (2 with an initial diagnosis of CGH and 2 with atypical hyperplasia).
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PMID:Spontaneous endometrial hyperplasia. A prospective, 5 year follow-up of 246 patients after abrasio only, including 380 patients followed-up for 2 years. 784 May 13

One-hundred-and-four cases of histopathologically confirmed hydatiform moles were subjected to ultrasound examination at the Hung Vuong Hospital, Ho-Chi-Minh-ville (Vietnam) over a period of 16 months (1988-1989). The diagnosis was confirmed only in some cases on clinical grounds (18%) or by laboratory tests (52%). In contrast, typical ultrasound signs were found in 82% of cases; in the other 18% of cases, other aspects had suggested disorders calling for aspiration (partial mole, clear ovum, pregnancy terminated). Some ultrasound images, highly suggestive of mole, were found in occasional cases of mucoid ovarian cyst, endometrial cancer or cystic necrobiosis of fibroma (HCG tests negative). Despite its limitations in Vietnam ultrasound constitutes the primary method of detecting hydatiform mole, the acquisition of practical experience is facilitated by the high number of cases and the concentration of cases reported.
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PMID:[Hydatidiform mole in Vietnam. The contribution of ultrasonography]. 789 73

The aim of this study was to identify genomic aberrations in endometrial cancer cells treated with the phyto-estrogenic compounds tectorigenin, irigenin and apigenin and to compare with those treated with beta-estradiol using array-based comparative genomic hybridisation (array CGH). The microarray contains 287 targets and includes telomeres, microdeletions, oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes and has increased mapping resolution compared to conventional CGH. An endometrial cancer cell line (Ishikawa) was cultured and treated with the phyto-estrogens. Treated cells were examined using the CGH microarray. Over 20 % of the array genes were aberrated in the cells treated with beta-estradiol, tectorigenin and irigenin compared to 3 % in those treated with the same concentration of apigenin. Protein kinase c zeta form, insulin, insulin receptor and protein-tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor-type 1 which are involved in insulin metabolism were aberrated by tectorigenin and irigenin. Apigenin may play a role in the treatment of endometrial cancer and in the treatment of postmenopausal women. Further studies in normal endometrium and primary endometrial cancer cells are needed to elucidate the role of the phyto-estrogens.
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PMID:Analysis of DNA in endometrial cancer cells treated with phyto-estrogenic compounds using comparative genomic hybridisation microarrays. 1593 82

The aim of this study was to identify amplified oncogenes in endometrial cancer using array-based comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH). Despite its prevalence, the molecular mechanisms of endometrial carcinogenesis are still poorly understood. The selected array CGH allows the simultaneous examination of 58 oncogenes commonly amplified in human cancers and is capable of achieving increased mapping resolution compared with conventional CGH. A subset of 8 specimens from a bank of 60 malignant and normal specimens was selected for array analysis to identify potential genes of interest. TaqMan polymerase chain reaction was carried out on the 60 specimens to examine if aberrations at the genomic level correlated with gene expression and to compare expression in normal and malignant samples. Oncogenes amplified in the endometrial cancers included AR, PIK3CA, MET, HRAS, NRAS, D17S1670, FGFR1, CTSB, RPS6KB1, LAMC2, MYC, PDGFRA, FGF4/FGF3, PAKI, and FGR. Three genes were examined at the messenger RNA level. AR and PIK3CA were higher in normal specimens, and MET was higher in malignant samples, suggesting a role for MET in endometrial cancer. Newer arrays examining more genes and larger sample numbers are necessary to elucidate the carcinogenic pathway in endometrial cancer.
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PMID:Genome-wide analysis of deoxyribonucleic acid in endometrial cancer using comparative genomic hybridization microarrays. 1668 70

Tamoxifen has been a very effective treatment for breast cancer for several decades, however, at the same time increases the risk of endometrial cancer, especially after prolonged exposure. In addition, tamoxifen has been associated with a higher proportion of unfavorable uterine tumor subtypes (carcinosarcomas and serous adenocarcinomas) with worse survival. We investigated whether endometrial tumors, which developed after prolonged tamoxifen treatment for breast cancer, are genetically different from endometrial tumors without preceding tamoxifen exposure. Array CGH was used on archival formalin-fixed paraffin embedded endometrial tumors to determine genomic aberrations. We compared the genomic profiles of 52 endometrial tumors from breast cancer patients after long-term (>or=2 years) tamoxifen use (endometrioid adenocarcinomas, n = 26; carcinosarcomas, n = 14; and serous adenocarcinomas, n = 12) with endometrial tumors from unexposed breast cancer patients (n = 45). Genomic profiles were correlated with tamoxifen exposure, tumor subtypes, and histopathological characteristics of the endometrial tumors. The common uterine corpus cancers of the endometrioid subtype show few genomic aberrations. Tumors with many genomic aberrations were in general ER-negative. In contrast, carcinosarcomas and serous adenocarcinomas showed many aberrations; however, they were indistinguishable from each other. Tumors that developed after prolonged tamoxifen use did not show more or different aberrations than unexposed tumors. This was true for all tumor subtypes. Thus, endometrial carcinomas that develop after prolonged tamoxifen use cannot be distinguished from nonusers on basis of their tumor genomic profile.
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PMID:Genomic profile of endometrial tumors depends on morphological subtype, not on tamoxifen exposure. 2054 44

Large genomic rearrangements (LGRs) in DNA-mismatch-repair (MMR) genes, particularly among MSH2 gene, are frequently involved in the etiology of Lynch syndrome (LS). The Multiplex Ligation and Probe Amplification assay (MLPA) is commonly used to identify such alterations. However, in most cases, the MLPA-identified alteration is not characterized at the molecular level, which might be important to identify recurrent alterations and to analyze the molecular mechanisms underlying these mutational events. Probands from a cohort of Lynch Syndrome families were screened for point mutation in MMR genes, subsequently the MLPA assay was used for LGR screening. The identified MLPA alteration was confirmed by cDNA, CGH-microarrays or massive parallel sequencing. In this study, we have delimited the region of 11 LGRs variants on MSH2 locus. Six of them were fully characterized the breakpoints and 9 of them were considered pathogenic. According to our data, LGR on MSH2 locus constituted the 10.8% (9 out of 83) of pathogenic germline alterations found in LS. The frequency of colorectal cancer (CRC) and endometrial cancer (EC) in LGR carriers was 55% and 11% respectively. Analysis of the breakpoint sequences revealed that in 3 cases, deletions appeared to originate from Alu-mediated recombination events. In the remaining cases, sequence alignment failed to detect microhomology around the breakpoints. The present study provides knowledge on the molecular characterization of MSH2 LGRs, which may have important implications in LS diagnosis and Genetic Counseling. In addition, our data suggests that nonhomologous events would be more frequently involved in the etiology of MSH2 LGRs than expected.
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PMID:Frequency and variability of genomic rearrangements on MSH2 in Spanish Lynch Syndrome families. 2403 44