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Query: UMLS:C0476089 (endometrial cancer)
 11,379 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A review of all newly diagnosed cases of cervical and endometrial carcinoma in Israel during the 5-year period of 1961-1965 yielded mean annual incidence rates of 4.9/100,000 and 7.4/100,000, respectively. Cervical cancer was more prevalent in Moroccan-born women and among divorcees, while the risk of endometrial cancer was highest in older age, among the European born, and the single; it also appeared earlier in life. Postmenopausal bleeding constituted the most frequent first symptom in both sites. Fifty percent of the patients of both groups were diagnosed within 1 month, but the delay was somewhat longer in the endometrial group. Median survival was 5 years in patients with cervical cancer and above 12 years in those with cancer of the corpus. Five-year survival was 50 and 75%, respectively. Survival tended to be better in younger patients in both groups. It is expected that the gradual disappearance of intraethnic differences in Israel would lead to a decrease in the incidence of invasive cervical cancer, coupled with an increased incidence of the endometrial category.
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PMID:Clinicoepidemiologic study of uterine cancer. Comparative aspects of the endometrial and cervical sites. 90 57

The largest case control study on the association between oral contraceptive (OC) use and cancer is the US Cancer and Steroid Hormone (CASH) study. Since it did not use hospital-based patients as controls, it eliminated some biases. Since OCs suppress ovulation and suppressed ovulation is linked with reduced risk of ovarian cancer, scientists believe OCs may reduce this cancer risk. The CASH study shows that OC use indeed decreases the risk of ovarian cancer 40% (relative risk [RR]=.6 and this protection lasts for more than 10 years after OC discontinuation. Protection increases with duration of OC use (1 year RR=.6 and 10 years RR=.2). Estrogenic stimulation of the endometrium without ample progestational protection causes endometrial cancer. Thus combined OCs which have estrogen and progestin components should reduce the risk of endometrial cancer. The CASH study reveals OC use for at least 12 months reduces this risk 50%. OCs have a protective effect for at least 15 years after stopping OC use. In addition, UK national mortality data show OC use caused the decline in ovarian cancer mortality and a 40% decrease in endometrial cancer mortality over the last 20 years. A WHO 7-county case control study indicates that OC users in developing countries have the same protective effect against ovarian and endometrial cancer as those in developed countries. Studies of OC use and cervical cancer have had conflicting results due to 3 biases: cervical cancer is associated with sexual behavior and is therefore a sexually transmitted disease; detection bias. A study in Costa Rica conducted by CDC study has addressed the 1st and 3rd biases. It found no increased risk of invasive cervical cancer or carcinoma in situ with OC use. Studies of OC use and breast cancer have also had conflicting results, but the data clearly indicate that OC use does not increase the overall risk of breast cancer. In fact, OC benefits surpass breast cancer risks.
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PMID:Oral contraceptives and gynecologic cancer: an update for the 1990s. 141 42

The surgical management of invasive and preinvasive gynecologic malignancies continues to evolve at a brisk pace. Several good techniques are available for the treatment of preinvasive cervical disease, including cryotherapy, loop electrocautery excision, laser therapy, and standard knife conization. The use of radical surgery for early invasive cervical cancer has been extended to older women, and complications have been minimized. There has been a significant trend toward more conservative surgery in the management of invasive vulvar cancer. The new surgical staging system for endometrial cancer has generated much controversy. The importance of thorough surgical staging for ovarian cancer is clear, and our understanding of the role of cytoreduction has increased. The role of new techniques, including operative laparoscopy, is being defined in the management of gynecologic cancers.
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PMID:Surgery for gynecologic malignancies. 145 8

The association between oral contraceptives (o.c.) and disease risk was reviewed on the basis of data from a network of a case-control studies conducted in northern Italy since the early 1980's on about 150 cases below age 55 with acute myocardial infarction, 150 with gallstone disease, 350 with uterine fibromyoma, 170 with endometrial cancer, 700 with benign or malignant ovarian tumours, 2000 with breast cancer, 360 with intraepithelial and 370 with invasive cervical cancer, 20 with liver cancer plus over 2000 control women admitted to hospital for acute, non hormone-related non neoplastic diseases. The relative risk (RR) of myocardial infarction was 2.1 (95% confidence interval from 0.7 to 7.1) among current o.c. users, but only 4% of women were current users. There was no association between gallstone disease, uterine fibromyoma and o.c. use. Significant protections were observed with reference to endometrial cancer and benign, borderline and malignant ovarian tumours, while the RR was above unity (RR = 1.9) for invasive cervical cancer, but not for intraepithelial cervical neoplasia. A significantly increased risk was observed for primary liver cancer, which is however extremely rare in young women. With reference to breast cancer, there was no consistent duration-risk relationship, and the RR was 0.8 for use for 5 or more years. Thus, these data provide reassuring information on the relationship between o.c. use and the risk of several important diseases in a Southern European population.
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PMID:[Risks and benefits of the contraceptive pill. A review of the results of an Italian study]. 184 65

Ninety-two patients with invasive cervical cancer initially treated by standard hysterectomy were evaluated for features related to survival. The cell type included squamous cell (64) and adenocarcinoma (28). Posthysterectomy therapy included radiation therapy (78), pelvic lymphadenectomy (3), and radical parametrectomy (1). Hysterectomy was initially performed for the following indications: invasive lesion missed on cone biopsy, 17; hemorrhage at cone biopsy, 2; bleeding, 16; abnormal cytology, 13; presumed endometrial cancer, 9; known cancer, 7; pelvic relaxation, 5; planned therapy, 3; fibroids, 3; adnexal mass, 2; chronic discharge, 1; pyometra, 1; postpartum endometritis, 1. The cumulative 5-year survival for all patients was 68%, for squamous cell 80%, and for adenocarcinoma 41% (P = 0.0001). On postoperative evaluation 84 patients had presumed Stage I and 7 had parametrial involvement (Stage II). Patients with Stage I disease were then examined separately by cell type. Fifty-seven patients with squamous cell disease had cumulative 5-year survival of 85%. Radiation therapy in the immediate postoperative period produced a survival of 88%, compared to observation only with a 69% survival (P = .10). Patients with squamous cell disease and more than 50% cervical invasion had a 75% survival compared to a 96% survival for those with less than 50% (P = .02). The presence of disease at the surgical margins, grade, age, and increase in radiation therapy did not influence survival. Twenty-seven patients with presumed Stage I adenocarcinoma had a cumulative 5-year survival rate of 42%. Survival was significantly influenced by tumor grade (P = .018) and the amount of postoperative radiation therapy (P = .03), while age, amount of residual tumor, and presence of tumor at surgical margins did not influence survival. Patients with invasive squamous cell carcinoma treated by standard hysterectomy and postoperative radiation therapy have a prognosis similar to those treated initially by either radical surgery or radiation therapy. Patients with adenocarcinoma appear to have a significantly decreased survival when compared to patients with squamous cell disease and their prognosis is related to tumor grade and the amount of postoperative pelvic radiation.
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PMID:Invasive cervical cancer treated initially by standard hysterectomy. 229 56

Cancer risk following treatment with non-contraceptive estrogens was studied in a population-based cohort of 23,244 women. Complete follow-up for an average of 6.7 years revealed 1,087 incident cancers versus 962.5 expected (relative risk/RR/ = 1.13; 95% confidence interval 1.10-1.20). We confirmed the recent findings of a more detailed analysis of the same cohort, based on a 1-year shorter follow-up period, namely: a markedly increased risk of endometrial cancer (RR = 1.8; 1.5-2.1), notably in women receiving potent estrogens, i.e., conjugated estrogens or estradiol (RR = 2.0; 1.6-2.4), and a slightly increased risk of breast cancer (RR = 1.1; 1.0-1.2). A slightly decreased risk of invasive cervical cancer (RR = 0.8; 0.5-1.2) is most likely due to more frequent smear taking than in the background population. There was no increase in the risk of cancer of ovary (RR = 1.0; 0.8-1.2), pancreas (RR = 0.8; 0.5-1.2), large bowel (RR = 1.0; 0.8-1.2) or kidney (RR = 1.0; 0.7-1.4). The risk of developing cancer in liver or biliary tract was lower than expected (RR = 0.4; 0.2-0.7), particularly in women who had used potent estrogens (RR = 0.3; 0.1-0.6), an unexpected finding which warrants further studies. Increased risks of malignant melanoma (RR = 1.5; 1.0-2.1) and lung cancer (RR = 1.3; 0.9-1.7) need cautious interpretation because of their low magnitude, the absence of a biological gradient when subgroups were analyzed and the slightly higher prevalence of smokers in the cohort than in the background population.
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PMID:Risk of cancer in women receiving hormone replacement therapy. 258 65

Effects of oral contraception on cancers of the female breast and reproductive tract are critically reviewed from human studies reported since 1980. The cumulative risk of breast cancer through 59 years of age appears to bear no relationship to oral contraceptive (OC) use whatsoever. Studies restricted to women under age 45, however, raise concern about a possible adverse effect from OC use before a 1st term pregnancy. A duration-related protective effect against endometrial cancer occurs from the use of combined OCs. The risk is reduced by about 40% with 2 years of use, and by about 60% with 4 or more years of OC use. OC use in excess of 3 years protects against ovarian cancer. 4 years of use confers a 50% reduction in risk, and 7 or more years of use confers a 60-80% reduction in ovarian cancer risk. Studies of cervical dysplasia and carcinoma in situ suggest elevated risks with 2 or more years of OC use, although results are difficult to interpret in view of numerous factors that might distort the findings. The risk of invasive cervical cancer appears to be unaffected by up to 5 years of oral contraception. Beyond this, there is evidence suggesting an elevated risk which approaches a 2-fold increase at 10 years of use. Cancers of the vagina and fallopian tube are extremely rare. Their risks have yet to be characterized in relation to OC use.
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PMID:Cancer of the breast and reproductive tract in relation to use of oral contraceptives. 267 58

We analysed data from a case-control investigation conducted in Milan, Northern Italy, to evaluate the relation between the use of combination oral contraceptives and the risk of cancers of the breast, ovary, endometrium and cervix uteri. For the present analysis, 776 cases of histologically confirmed breast cancer, 406 of epithelial ovarian cancer and 170 of endometrial cancer aged under 60 were compared with a group of 1,282 subjects below age 60 admitted for a spectrum of acute conditions apparently unrelated to oral contraceptive use or to any of the known or potential risk factors for the diseases under study. Likewise, 225 cases of invasive cervical cancer were compared with 225 age-matched inpatient controls, and 202 cases of cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia with 202 outpatient controls identified in the same screening clinics. The age-adjusted relative risk estimates for ever vs. never use of combination oral contraceptives were 1.04 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.73-1.37) for breast cancer, 0.68 (95% CI = 0.48-0.97) for epithelial ovarian cancer, 0.50 (95% CI = 0.23-1.12) for endometrial cancer, 1.49 (95% CI = 0.88-2.55) for cervical cancer and 0.77 (95% CI = 0.50-1.18) for cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia. The risk of ovarian cancer decreased and that of invasive cervical cancer increased with longer duration of use. Neither duration of oral contraceptive use nor time since first or last use significantly altered a user's risk of other neoplasms considered. Likewise, analysis of sub-groups of age, parity or other potentially important covariates did not show any important interaction, and allowance for them by means of logistic regression did not materially modify any of the results. These data confirm that combination oral contraceptives confer some protection against ovarian and endometrial cancers but may increase the risk of invasive cervical cancer if used for several years, and indicate that the past or current pattern of oral contraceptive use in Italy is unlikely materially to affect the risk of breast cancer.
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PMID:Oral contraceptives and cancers of the breast and of the female genital tract. Interim results from a case-control study. 374 66

The measurement of cytoplasmic estrogen and progesterone receptors (ERc and PRc) as markers of specific hormone in the human breast and endometrial cancer leads to the application of receptor levels as a means in clinical management. Comprehensive investigations have not been completed in invasive cervical cancer. From 1977 to 1981, 39 cases of primary cervical carcinoma were assayed as to the presence or absence of ERc and PRc by the saturation point dextran-coated charcoal method. The level of ERc and PRc of various clinical stages, histological types, histological grades, menstrual status, age and survival was compared each other. Positive and negative receptor groups were proposed using more than or equal to 5 fmol/mg cytosol protein for ERc ane more than or equal to 10 fmol/mg cytosol protein for PRc as discrimination points. Survival of the measured patients was computed by the product-limit analysis according to Kaplan-Meier. A statistical difference between the PRc (+) and PRc (-) group in survival was noted by the Mantel-Cox test (P = 0.049). There was a longer survival in the PRc (+) patients. As to premenopausal or menopausal status, a statistical difference between the PRc (+) and PRc (-) group in survival was only observed in the premenopausal patients. The demonstration of the relationship between the PRc level and survival in cervical carcinoma would certainly be clinical significant to identify the high-risk patients for failure as treated by routine radiotherapy or surgery.
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PMID:[Cytoplasmic estrogen and progesterone receptors in primary cervical carcinoma--relation between clinical aspects and histopathology]. 383 50

The California Department of Health Services conducted a cervical cancer screening program in 12 counties where local health agencies provided the screening services. A major purpose of the study was to screen women at high risk of cervical cancer and to assure that women with abnormal results on cervical cytology testing obtained appropriate diagnostic workup and treatment. A total of 34,318 women were screened, and 7,811 returned for up to 3 annual rescreening examinations. Final cytologic results were 33,658 normal, 100 unsatisfactory, and 560 abnormal smears. Of the abnormal smears, 484 were indicative of cervical dysplasia, 41 of in situ cervical cancer and 22 of invasive cervical cancer. In 13 women, endometrial cancer was suspected. Complete followup information on diagnostic evaluation and treatment was obtained for 80 percent of the women with abnormal Pap test results. Histological confirmation of neoplasia was reported for 173 women. The diagnoses were cervical dysplasia in 108, cervical cancer in 58 (49 in situ, 9 invasive) and endometrial cancer in 7. The program reached greater proportions of older women, the less affluent, women of Spanish origin and oriental women and a smaller proportion of blacks than were present in the general female population of California.
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PMID:12-county program: screening of 34,318 women for cervical cancer in California, 1975-78. 730 9


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