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Query: UMLS:C0476089 (endometrial cancer)
 11,379 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Tissue samples of three endometrial carcinomas, seven ovarian carcinomas, and 24 mammary carcinomas were analyzed for estrogen receptor (ER) by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and a conventional dextran-coated charcoal (DCC) method. In addition, ER and progesterone receptor were assayed by DCC only in 68 ovarian carcinoma specimens. All three endometrial cancer specimens showed elevated ER values by both assays. As with mammary cancers the ER-EIA values tend to be higher than DCC values. It was intriguing to note that negative Scatchard plot data resulted in residual ER levels in the EIA system. Also four ovarian cancer specimens with negative ER values by the DCC assay had detectable levels by ER-EIA, and three of these four had ER-EIA values less than or equal to 10 fmol/mg of protein. Of the ten breast cancers with negative DCC values, seven were less than or equal to 10 fmol/mg of protein by the ER-EIA. Good correlation (r = 0.88) between EIA and Scatchard plot data was calculated from ER data of 24 mammary carcinoma tissue samples. Receptor assays in 68 ovarian cancer patients indicate that ER determinations should become a useful tool in the management of patients bearing this carcinoma. In addition, receptor determinations may improve the possibility of predicting which well differentiated Stage I ovarian carcinomas are likely to recur. Present data combine to suggest that ER-EIA may become a useful diagnostic laboratory tool.
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PMID:Enzyme immunoassay and Scatchard plot estimation of estrogen receptor in gynecological tumors. 242 49

Serum CA 125 levels were determined in 64 women with benign ovarian lesions, 92 women with uterine fundal lesions, and six patients who had negative second-look laparotomy for epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Of those with benign lesions, 13 of 31 patients with endometriosis had levels greater than 35 U/ml. Six of 34 patients with endometrial carcinoma had elevated levels before the primary operation, and six of 15 patients with recurrent endometrial carcinoma had elevated levels. The six ovarian cancer patients had had negative findings at second look 7 to 40 months before recurrence. Where close serial levels were available, the level became elevated 2 to 5 months before clinically apparent recurrent disease was noted.
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PMID:CA 125 in gynecologic practice. 242 48

The use of megestrol acetate in treatment of malignancy (endometrial carcinoma, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, renal cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma), endometrial hyperplasia, benign prostatic hypertrophy, contraception, anorexia, cachexia and weight loss is reviewed, concluding with a toxicity profile. Megestrol acetate was introduced in 1971 for treatment of endometrial carcinoma. Megestrol acetate is probably effective in proportion to the number of cytoplasmic progesterone receptors, but it has not been tested in a Phase III trial. For ovarian cancer it has been reported to be effective in 1 trail at doses of 800 mg/day. Prostate cancer, although difficult to assess, responds to megestrol acetate at doses of 120 mg/day because of its suppression of gonadotropins, its inhibition of 5alpha-reductase and its binding to the dihydrotestosterone receptor. Megestrol acetate permits a lower dose of diethylstilbestrol, and thus lower toxicity. There is apparently a dose-response between megestrol acetate and breast cancer, along with a response dependent on the number and type of estrogen and progestin receptors. Responses are better in postmenopausal women, and additive with other agents such as tamoxifen and mitomycin C. The medium duration of effect is 6-8 months. It has no effect on renal cancer or malignant melanoma. Megestrol acetate can be considered as an effective medical alternative to surgery for endometrial hyperplasia or benign prostatic hypertrophy. As a contraceptive in inhibits sperm transport rather than ovulation, but also causes irregular bleeding. Megestrol acetate has few side effects, and has the advantage of stimulating appetite and weight gain, a benefit in cancer patients.
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PMID:Megestrol acetate: clinical experience. 247 90

More than 30% of the colony formation of dispersed tumor cells was inhibited by medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) in 2 out of 6 cases of endometrial cancer, in 1 out of 6 cases of cervical cancer, and in 3 out of 12 cases of ovarian cancer. The colony formation inhibited by MPA was not related to clinical stage or histological type. There was no significant difference in the tumor angiogenesis factor (TAF) activity of any case of endometrial, cervical and ovarian cancer between the cortisol-treated group and the controls. TAF activity was inhibited by MPA in 4 out of 6 cases of endometrial cancer, in 5 out of 6 cases of cervical cancer, and in 9 out of 12 cases of ovarian cancer. There was no significant difference in the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) activity of any case of endometrial, cervical and ovarian cancer between the cortisol-treated group and the controls. FGF activity was inhibited by MPA in 3 out of 6 cases of endometrial cancer, in 5 out of 6 cases of cervical cancer, and in 10 out of 12 cases of ovarian cancer. The cases in which the colony formation was inhibited by MPA were not related to the cases in which TAF or FGF activity was inhibited by MPA. Therefore, MPA may reduce neovascularization induced by TAF and FGF, and can depress secondary spreading of some endometrial, cervical and ovarian cancer via the mechanism of terminal process of secondary spreading, regardless of the presence of glucocorticoid actions similar to that of cortisol, and the reduction of cell proliferation.
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PMID:Inhibition of tumor angiogenesis activity by medroxyprogesterone acetate in gynecologic malignant tumors. 247 53

The possibility of a genetic relationship between ovarian, breast, and endometrial cancer was investigated in data from a large multicenter, population-based, case-control study, the Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study conducted by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Age-adjusted relative risks (RRs) for mothers and sisters of 493 ovarian cancer cases, 895 breast cancer cases, and 143 endometrial cancer cases versus 4,754 controls were calculated. Significantly elevated age-adjusted RRs were found for ovarian cancer (RR = 2.8; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.6-4.9) and breast cancer (RR = 1.6; 95% CI = 1.1-2.1) among relatives of ovarian cancer probands and for breast cancer (RR = 2.1; 95% CI = 1.7-2.5) and ovarian cancer (RR = 1.7; 95% CI = 1.0-2.0) among relatives of breast cancer probands. Relatives of endometrial cancer probands had an elevated RR for endometrial cancer only (RR = 2.7; 95% CI = 1.6-4.8). The genetic relationship between ovarian, breast, and endometrial cancer was tested using a multivariate polygenic threshold model developed by Smith (1976), which was modified to accommodate three classes of probands. Estimates of heritability for ovarian, breast, and endometrial cancer were 40%, 56%, and 52%, respectively. There was a significant genetic correlation between ovarian and breast cancer (R12 = .484). Evidence for significant genetic overlap between endometrial cancer and either ovarian or breast cancer was not found. These results suggest the existence of a familial breast/ovarian cancer syndrome. Endometrial cancer, while heritable, appears to be genetically unrelated.
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PMID:Evaluating genetic association among ovarian, breast, and endometrial cancer: evidence for a breast/ovarian cancer relationship. 249 Oct 11

As more epidemiological studies are done on the effect of oral contraceptives (OCs) on breast cancer, the more unclear the effects are. On the other hand, 9 case control studies demonstrated that combined OCs reduce the risk of endometrial cancer, and 8 case control studies showed a reduced risk of ovarian cancer. It is biologically plausible for there to be a protective effect against these 3 cancers, but as for breast cancer, it is not yet known if combined OCs enhance or antagonize harmful effects of ovarian activity. Researchers conducted a case control study in 11 areas of the United Kingdom consisting of 755 women with breast cancer that had been diagnosed before the age of 36 years. They found an association between the duration of use of combined OCs and the risk of breast cancer (relative risk of 1.74) after 8 years of using combined OCs. The significance of this study was that the association was noted whatever the age at which the combined OCs were taken and was noted both before and after the 1st full term pregnancy. Another new finding included an apparent link between cancer risk and the dose of estrogen: those combined OCs with 50 ug ethinyl-estradiol carried less of a risk, yet some risk was still detectable with low dose pills. Since the researchers restricted the study to women 36 years old, the results may not be relevant to most women with breast cancer, however. Further, the authors of this study bring to the reader's attention that the national breast cancer registration rates are not increasing. This is indeed reassuring.
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PMID:The contraceptive pill and breast cancer in young women. 250 34

Tumour markers have proved to be important in certain types of gynaecological cancer. The treatment of chorionic cancer is largely based on changes in the serum levels of human choriogonadotropin (hCG). There are no other markers of equal utility, but some new markers for ovarian cancer show promise of becoming clinically important in the follow-up of patients. Assay of CA 125 has become a routine method in the follow-up of nonmucinous ovarian cancer, and tumour-associated trypsin inhibitor (TATI) shows promise of being useful for mucinous ovarian cancer. In the rare ovarian embryonal tumours hCG and alphafetoprotein (AFP) are often useful. For other types of gynaecological cancer, there are no equally useful markers, but CA 125 is relatively useful in endometrial cancer and SCC (squamous cell carcinoma-associated antigen) in cervical cancer. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is occasionally useful in ovarian and cervical cancer.
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PMID:Clinical use of gynaecologic tumour markers. 254 31

We conducted a study to evaluate cancer associated antigen CA-50 and CA 19-9 as tumor markers of gynecological malignancies. The positive rates of CA-50 and CA 19-9 for ovarian cancer were 35.5% and 48.8%, respectively, and thus were not very high. In terms of histological typing, relatively high positive rates were noted in mucinous type-42.9% for CA-50 and 71.4% for CA 19-9. Both antigens showed high false positive rates for benign ovarian tumors, especially for dermoid cyst, but produced few false positive cases of endometrial cyst. For cervical cancer and endometrial cancer, these antigens were positive at low rate. In conclusion, the present evaluation indicated that both CA-50 and CA 19-9 do not necessarily suffice as screening markers for gynecological malignancies; that they could potentially be of help for diagnosis of ovarian cancer of mucinous type; and that their false positive rates for endometrial cyst were very low.
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PMID:[Clinical evaluation of serum CA-50 and CA 19-9 in gynecological tumors]. 255 43

The objectives of this article on epidemiological studies of health risks from oral contraceptives (OCs) is to review major studies of the association between OCs and circulatory disease and cancer. It is also to emphasize methodologic limitations of the existing data, and to identify unresolved and important questions. A brief discourse on the nature and imputation of relative risk is provided. Cardiovascular diseases covered include ischemic heart disease, stroke, and thromboembolism. Current studies on low dose pills from 3 large US populations reveal that there is no impact of death from use of OCs. A Great Britain and the Walnut Creek study from the US found a slight but not statistically significant increase in ischemic heart disease. These studies also found a statistically significant 3-fold increase in stroke among OC users and, from another study, a 2-fold increase. These studies were based on high levels of ethinyl estradiol where the risk becomes apparent. The risk for idiopathic venous thromboembolism was 3- 8 fold for current OC users. The accuracy of these findings is questioned when the data reflect such heterogeneity. Cancer is differentiated as breast cancer, endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, malignant melanoma, and hepatocellular adenoma. For breast cancer, both case control studies as well as cohort studies found no increase in breast cancer. Future additional research will continue to explore unanswered questions about this association. Beneficial effects of OCs occur for endometrial cancer for as long as 15 years after taking the pill. Only 1 year's use resulted in a 50% reduction in risk of endometrial cancer regardless of pill dose and particularly for nulliparous women, who have an increased risk. The longer duration of use of the OCs results in a protective effect against ovarian cancer, i.e., 5 years of use yields as relative risk of below 0.5 and the results of a protective effect can be seen as early as 3 months after pill use. There is about 40% protection against ovarian cancer even with low dose pills; the effect lasts 15 years after cessation of OC use. Cervical cancer studies have shown mixed results. The human papilloma viruses 16 and 18 have been shown to be related to cervical cancer but further research is needed to identify the association with OCs. Data are inconclusive but lean in the direction of no association with malignant melanoma. Hepatocellular adenoma has not been identified in large vital statistics studies, although several small studies have suggested an increased risk. It has been shown by Fortney et al. that with a 50% increase in cervical cancer risk and a 3-4 fold increase in cardiovascular disease risk that OC use for 5 years before the age of 30 years adds 4 days to a health women's life.
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PMID:Results of oral contraceptive epidemiologic studies regarding neoplastic and cardiovascular effects. 257 54

Epidemiologic studies of oral contraception are of two main types: case-control and cohort. The best known cohort studies are the Royal College of General Practitioners' study and the Oxford-Family Planning Association study, both of which have been conducted in the United Kingdom. Combination oral contraceptives--both the older, higher-dose type, and the newer, lower-dose type--are highly effective if used properly. Noncontraceptive benefits of combination oral contraceptives include protective effects against menstrual disorders, anemia, benign breast disease, functional ovarian cysts, ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, pelvic inflammatory disease, and uterine fibroids. Adverse effects include various cardiovascular problems, liver tumors, and the temporary impairment of fertility after stopping use, especially in older, nulliparous women. Effects, if any, on breast cancer and cervical cancer are still under evaluation. The often quoted cardiovascular risks of combination oral contraceptives are derived from studies of the older, higher-dose pills used in an outmoded way. There is evidence that modern pills, used by properly selected young women who are subsequently kept under surveillance, carry a minimal cardiovascular risk. A national study is currently in progress in the United Kingdom to try to confirm this.
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PMID:Epidemiologic studies of oral contraception. 257 63


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