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Query: UMLS:C0476089 (endometrial cancer)
 11,379 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A reassessment of the risks of using oral contraceptives regarding cancer of the cervix, endometrium, ovary, breast and biliary system was commissioned in the form of a series of reviews, published in the journal Contraception, June 1991: this is the introduction to the reports. Since 1977, the risks of developing epithelial ovarian cancer and endometrial cancer have been clearly shown to be reduced and that protection persists for years even in ex-pill users. The chance of getting hepatocellular carcinoma is slightly higher in developed countries, still extremely rare; while not noticeably increased in those developing countries that have high liver cancer rates. The likelihood of getting cervical cancer is increased in some studies but not in others, reflecting the difficult problem of controlling of patterns of sexual behavior in this area. Even though broad analyses of breast cancer risks are reassuring, some detailed studies that focus on certain age groups of women do find increased breast cancer. A special multi-center, hospital-based, case-control study in developing countries, sponsored by WHO, concluded that the results of studies on cancer from developing countries are applicable to developing countries as well. So the overall benefits of using oral contraceptives outweigh the risks, both for women in areas where maternal morbidity and mortality are high, because of the effectiveness of the pill in preventing pregnancy; and in industrialized areas, where the benefits of preventing ovarian cancer alone is enough to make pill use safer than other methods, such as the condom. There appears to be no way to predict cancer risks for any subgroup of women who should avoid taking the pill.
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PMID:Oral contraceptives and neoplasia: an introduction. 186 31

Effectiveness of radiotherapy and measures for improvement of treatment were examined with regard to cervical cancer, endometrial cancer and ovarian cancer, for (1) adenocarcinoma, (2) metastatic cancer, and (3) cancer in persons of advanced age. I. (1) The prognosis of cervical adenocarcinoma is poor, but radiotherapy in combination with chemotherapy can be expected to be effective for the poorly differentiated type, metastasis to the lymph node, and deep cervical invasion. (2) Radiotherapy has limited effectiveness for endometrial cancer and needs to be employed in combination with chemotherapy for the poorly differentiated type adenocarcinoma, serous adenocarcinoma, deep uterine wall invasion, vascular invasion, and metastasis to the lymph nodes. (3) In regard to cervical cancer and endometrial cancer, identification and computation of the labeling index of S-phase cells by BrdU and examination of the localization and the changes in the appearance of tumor markers and oncogenic products showed radiosensitivity of adenocarcinoma to be poor. (4) For ovarian cancer, whole pelvic irradiation by the moving strip (MS) method in combination with chemotherapy showed satisfactory results for stage I and stage II cancers. For stage III cancers, the results was not satisfactory when the residual tumor was 2 cm or larger in size. Whole pelvic irradiation of 50-TDF or more is necessary in such cases. II. The prognosis in cases of metastasis to multiple pelvic lymph nodes is poor. For such cases, it is desirable to employ paraaortic irradiation in combination with chemotherapy, with consideration of the histologic type and progress of the cancer. III. The prognosis is poor in persons of advanced age of 70 or over.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Significance of radiotherapy in the multidisciplinary treatment of gynecological malignant tumor]. 191 74

The combination of cisplatin and cyclophosphamide remains the preferred regimen for the primary treatment of advanced stage epithelial ovarian cancer. Maximal dose intensity, particularly that of cisplatin, is generally accepted as critical for optimal results, but the concept has not yet been rigorously validated by prospective, randomized trials. Since higher doses of cisplatin are associated with renal and neurologic toxicity, the accumulating evidence of equivalent response rates with the less toxic platinum analogue, carboplatin, is encouraging. Salvage chemotherapy remains unsatisfactory, although the remarkable responses observed this year in heavily pre-treated and platinum-resistant patients with the novel new agent taxol is promising. Further trials with this unique drug in combination with other agents in previously untreated patients, as well as in salvage settings, is eagerly anticipated. Although experience with intraperitoneal therapy is rapidly accumulating, the precise role for this route of delivery has yet to be demonstrated in prospective trials. The management of early stage ovarian cancer has become increasingly clarified. Several trials have now demonstrated that a subgroup of patients at low risk for recurrence do well with surgery alone, while a high-risk subgroup clearly benefits from adjuvant therapy. The identification of optimal regimens awaits further trials. In cervical carcinoma, trials utilizing a variety of radiation-sensitizing agents have failed to demonstrate superiority over that of hydroxyurea, which has been shown to improve survival in advanced disease. Preliminary experience with neo-adjuvant regimens administered prior to surgery or radiation therapy is promising, but survival advantages utilizing this approach have yet to be demonstrated. In endometrial cancer, cisplatin was shown to achieve response rates similar to those attainable with single agent doxorubicin, and in uterine mixed mesodermal tumors, ifosfamide was found to have significant activity.
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PMID:Gynecologic malignancies. 193 55

As part of a multi-centre epidemiological study of cancer in women between the ages of 20 and 54, data were collected concerning family history of gynaecological cancers in the female relatives of 4730 women with newly diagnosed breast cancer and the relatives of 4688 women from the general population. Women who were diagnosed with breast cancer prior to age 45 were more likely than controls to have a mother or sister with ovarian cancer (odds ratio (OR): 1.50), endometrial cancer (1.29), and cervical cancer (1.53), although none of these elevations achieved statistical significance. The corresponding odds ratios for women diagnosed with breast cancer between the ages of 45 and 54 were 1.88, 0.84 and 0.93. The association with ovarian cancer was statistically significant in this group (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.11-3.19). In this latter group, having a first degree relative with ovarian cancer was associated approximately as strongly with breast cancer as was having a first degree relative with breast cancer. The results suggest that there may be a shared genetic basis for some cancers of the breast and ovary. From a clinical perspective, the results indicate that in setting appropriate levels of screening for breast cancer and in establishing an appropriate age at which to begin such screening for a particular woman, her family history of ovarian cancer should be considered in addition to her family history of breast cancer.
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PMID:Family history of gynaecological cancers: relationships to the incidence of breast cancer prior to age 55. 195 42

Between January 1984 and December 1987, out of a total gynecological admission of 1706 patients at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, 72 had primary cancers of the female genital organs (excluding malignant trophoblastic diseases). Of those, 53 had cervical, 10 ovarian, 6 endometrial and 3, vulval cancers. There were no cases of vaginal or fallopian tubal cancers. Ovarian cancer was the commonest gynecological cancer before the age of 40 while cervical cancer was commonest after 40. Germ cell tumors of the ovary were frequent. Patients with endometrial cancer reported early to hospital for treatment but those with other types of cancers generally reported late. On account of late arrival to hospital, inadequate medical facilities and a high defaulting rate, the outcome of treatment was very poor. Since evidence exists to the effect that cervical cancer may be sexually transmitted, a plea is made for the promotion of the widespread use of condoms in order to reduce the prevalence of invasive carcinoma of the cervix in developing countries.
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PMID:Pattern of primary gynecological malignancies as seen in a tertiary hospital situated in the Rivers State of Nigeria. 196 63

The efficacy of sialyl SSEA-1 antigen (SLX), a tumor-associated carbohydrate antigen, as a test for gynecological cancer was investigated. The test was found to be positive in 64.5% of all patients with ovarian cancers; this rate is lower than that obtained with CA 125. On the other hand, relatively few false-positive results were observed. Tests were false-positive in 25.0% of patients with endometrial cysts; 25.0% of women in the first trimester of pregnancy and 0.0% of menstruating woman had false-positive results. These percentages were lower than those for CA 125. It is concluded that SLX is a tumor marker with inferior sensitivity and high specificity, compared with CA 125. Since positive tests with SLX in patients with ovarian cancer mostly overlapped the positive tests for CA 125, the usefulness of a combination assay was considered to be low. The SLX test was positive in 18.6 and 25.0% of patients with cervical cancer and endometrial cancer, respectively, and it was concluded that SLX is useless as a serum tumor marker for uterine cancer.
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PMID:Clinical value of sialyl SSEA-1 antigen in patients with ovarian cancer. 196 79

Sialyl SSEA-1 antigen (SLX) is a highly specific tumor marker composed of sugar chain antigens that have Lewis X at their terminals and bind to sialic acid. This antigen is rarely detected in normal tissues, and is present in adenocarcinoma and fetal tissues. We studied the clinical usefulness of SLX in gynecological patients and obtained the following results. (1) The antigen was frequently positive in patients with ovarian cancer with a mean of 89.5 +/- 48.3 U/ml (72.8%, 8/11) and in those with endometriosis with a mean of 39.8 +/- 10.3 U/ml (75.0%, 6/8). (2) Among the gynecological malignancies, the percent positivity was low in those with cervical cancer (20.0%, 5/25), endometrial cancer (33.3%, 1/3), and cancer of the fallopian tube (33.3%, 1/3). (3) The antigen was negative in 20 with myoma uteri, 20 normal pregnant women, and 9 nonpregnant healthy women during the follicular, luteal, or menstrual phase. It was negative in 8 of 9 patients with benign ovarian cyst. False negative results were rare. (4) The SLX level was higher in the ascites than in the serum in patients with ovarian cancer and in those with benign ovarian tumors. (5) The serum SLX in patients with ovarian cancer, which was positive before tumor resection, became negative 2 weeks postoperatively. These results suggest that SLX is a tumor marker with a high specificity to adenocarcinoma of the reproductive organs.
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PMID:Clinical evaluations of the tumor marker sialyl SSEA-1 antigen for clinical gynecological disease. 197 88

The Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study, a multicenter, population-based, case-control study of ovarian, breast, and endometrial cancer in women 20 to 54 years of age, permitted the diagnoses of contributing pathologists to be compared with those of a panel of three gynecologic pathologists. A diagnosis of ovarian cancer was made by contributing pathologists on 477 subjects. Agreement between the two groups of pathologists was 97% for primary epithelial ovarian cancer and 89% for primary nonepithelial ovarian malignancies. Agreement on diagnosis of major cellular subtypes of ovarian malignancy ranged between 73% for endometrioid cancer and 100% for clear cell carcinomas. We conclude that the diagnosis of pathologic features of primary ovarian cancer is highly predictable. Nonetheless, diagnosis by histologic type varies sufficiently that a review process should be considered for clinical or investigative decisions involving specific histologic diagnoses of ovarian cancer.
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PMID:The diagnosis of ovarian cancer by pathologists: how often do diagnoses by contributing pathologists agree with a panel of gynecologic pathologists? 198 29

Hereditary ovarian carcinoma is heterogenous. There are at least three genetic variants, namely, hereditary site-specific ovarian carcinoma, hereditary breast/ovarian carcinoma syndrome, and Lynch syndrome II. Early age of onset characterizes these disorders. A crucial hallmark of these disorders is the integral association of extraovarian cancers, such as carcinoma of the endometrium and colon in Lynch syndrome II. We have described 24 pedigrees of ovarian cancer-prone families in order to depict the several differing heterogenous variants. Interest in hereditary ovarian cancer has increased remarkably, due in part to the fact that its surveillance has been wholly unsatisfactory, as have therapeutic measures. Prevention through prophylactic oophorectomy offers hope. However, there is a risk for extraovarian peritoneal serous papillary carcinoma, consonant with primary cancer of the ovary. This must be discussed with these at-risk patients. Until a biomarker of acceptable sensitivity and specificity is identified, the family history must remain the key to hereditary ovarian cancer diagnosis.
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PMID:Hereditary ovarian cancer. Pedigree studies, Part II. 206 92

Current findings and controversies between oral contraceptives (OCs) and cardiovascular disease and cancers. Specifically, venous thromboembolism, stroke, myocardial infarction, (MI), atherosclerosis, breast cancer, cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, and ovarian cancer are reviewed. The concentration in the literature is on higher dose estrogen (at least 50 mg) studies which suggest that there is with current users, particularly older women who smoke, a risk of myocardial infarction, venous thrombosis, and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Of the 11 case control studies and 4 cohort studies it appears that venous thrombosis increases in risk with an increase in estrogen content and remains constant for duration of use. However, definitive studies have not been completed on 50 mg doses of ethinyl estradiol (EE) and mestranol (ME). The actual individual risk may be small, 1/1000 current users/year. Thrombotic and hemorrhagic stroke in the 1970s had a risk of 37/100,000 users per year, mostly among smokers 35 years and older with predisposing medical conditions. It is suggested that although there were mixed findings between current and past users in the 1970s low dose current or past users are not substantially at risk. The pre-mid 1970 risk of MI was 7 and 67 cases/100,000 current users ged 30-39 respectively per year. The risk group is similar to stroke. Thrombosis seems to be responsible for the increased risk, rather than atherosclerosis. More data are needed on low preparations; however limited findings suggest little if any risk. There is no available data on the risk for coronary artery atherosclerosis due to OC use, even though 50% of all women die from atherosclerosis-related processes regardless of OC use. Non human primate studies, however, suggest that there may be a reduced risk, perhaps due to the presence of estrogen receptors in arterial endothelium and smooth muscles. Data clearly indicate that the overall risk of breast cancer pre and post 1950 is the same, but age may be a factor with younger OC users at risk; parity protects. The association for lifetime risk, however, cannot be determined since most use occurred in the 1960s. For cervical cancer, 8 found no increased risk and 9 did, and the suggestion is the 5 years use is related to increased risk. Biases related to sexual behavior confound control and analysis of data. The most common cancer in developing countries is cervical, which warrants greater Pap smear screening to reduce this preventable cancer. Protection from cancer of the endometrium occurs for 15 years following 12 months of OC use at a 40% reduced risk. A protected effect is also found for epithelial ovarian cancer, with a 40% risk reduction. It is concluded that health benefits of OCs far exceed the health risks.
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PMID:Long-term health risks and benefits of oral contraceptive use. 209 41


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