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Query: UMLS:C0476089 (endometrial cancer)
 11,379 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A proportion of cancers in endocrine target tissues can show the presence of specific receptors for either steroid or polypetide hormones. Manipulation of the controlling hormones does not guarantee regression. A third of cancers in endocrine target organs (breast, uterine endometrium, and prostate) show a 50% reduction in size of lesions after hormonal therapy. If regression resulting from an aggressive form of therapy lasts a short while and the tumor reactivates by the time the unpleasant effects of the therapy wear off, the treatment is not palliative. Endocrine therapy in prostatic cancer is palliative but there is no evidence that is increases survival. 11 different progestational agents in endometrial cancer therapy in the past 25 years resulted in a 30-35% response. Response must be maintained by continual treatment and may last from 12 months to 7-8 years. In breast cancer, tumors with a significant level of estrogen receptor (ER+) have about a 60% chance of regression vs. tumors without estrogen receptors (ER-), 10%. Advanced cancers of the thyroid of the papillary or follicular type regress when the patient is treated by thyroxine, .3 mg daily. Leukemia and lymphoma are frequently treated, with varying degrees of success with corticosteroid therapy, which may also predispose the patient to intercurrent infection. Renal cancer has been often treated by medroxyprogesterone acetate or testosterone propionate, with little success.
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PMID:Endocrine therapy in cancer. 8 86

There is increasing epidemiological evidence that nutrition plays a dominant role in the pathogenesis of several types of human cancers. There is considerable epidemiological evidence showing that alcoholism in part because of associated nutritional deficiencies, significantly increases the risk of smokers for cancer of the alimentary tract. There is also some suggestion that nutritional deficiencies may relate to cancers of the stomach, cervix, and thyroid. Of particular importance, and based on relatively new concepts, are data indicating that overnutrition significantly affects the development of certain cancers, including cancers of the colon and pancreas, kidney, breast, ovary endometrium, and prostate. Except for cancer of the endometrium, and kidney cancer in women, there is no significant relationship to obesity. Rather, the evidence suggests both epidemiologically and experimentally that the etiological factors relate to a high intake of fats and possibly other variables associated with high fat intake. While we are investigating the mechanistic nature of the epidemiological and experimental observations, the question that needs to be asked is whether it is not prudent for us to associate ourselves with the recommendation of our colleagues in the cardiovascular disease field who call on both individuals and the food industry to practice a "Prudent Diet," i.e., one that is lower in total calories, total fat, saturated fats and cholesterol than is the present American diet.
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PMID:Nutrition and cancer. 77 Feb 4

Antiestrogens, e.g., nafoxidine, tamoxifen, and clomiphene, have been reported to induce objective clinical remissions in patients with breast cancer. Review of data indicates activity of these agents in renal and prostate cancer. In a trial of nafoxidine in 20 patients with adenocarcinoma of the kidney, 2 complete and 1 partial regressions were observed. Stabilization of the disease for 3 months was noted in 5 patients. In another trial, 2 of 4 patients with renal cancer responded to tamoxifen. Similar experiences have been recorded in endometrial cancer with clomiphene. In patients with prostatic cancer, responses have been reported in 1 of 2 patients receiving nafoxidine and in 2 of 4 receiving tamoxifen. These preliminary clinical data should encourage trial of antiestrogens in malignancies other than breast cancer. Estrogen receptor studies may help identify patients most likely to benefit. These agents have a relative lack of toxicity.
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PMID:Letter: Antiestrogens in the treatment of cancer. 93 94

The use of megestrol acetate in treatment of malignancy (endometrial carcinoma, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, renal cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma), endometrial hyperplasia, benign prostatic hypertrophy, contraception, anorexia, cachexia and weight loss is reviewed, concluding with a toxicity profile. Megestrol acetate was introduced in 1971 for treatment of endometrial carcinoma. Megestrol acetate is probably effective in proportion to the number of cytoplasmic progesterone receptors, but it has not been tested in a Phase III trial. For ovarian cancer it has been reported to be effective in 1 trail at doses of 800 mg/day. Prostate cancer, although difficult to assess, responds to megestrol acetate at doses of 120 mg/day because of its suppression of gonadotropins, its inhibition of 5alpha-reductase and its binding to the dihydrotestosterone receptor. Megestrol acetate permits a lower dose of diethylstilbestrol, and thus lower toxicity. There is apparently a dose-response between megestrol acetate and breast cancer, along with a response dependent on the number and type of estrogen and progestin receptors. Responses are better in postmenopausal women, and additive with other agents such as tamoxifen and mitomycin C. The medium duration of effect is 6-8 months. It has no effect on renal cancer or malignant melanoma. Megestrol acetate can be considered as an effective medical alternative to surgery for endometrial hyperplasia or benign prostatic hypertrophy. As a contraceptive in inhibits sperm transport rather than ovulation, but also causes irregular bleeding. Megestrol acetate has few side effects, and has the advantage of stimulating appetite and weight gain, a benefit in cancer patients.
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PMID:Megestrol acetate: clinical experience. 247 90

High-dose medroxyprogesterone acetate (HD-MPA) has been successfully employed in the treatment of hormone-related tumors, especially advanced breast cancer. However, progestins in general and MPA in particular are considered a useful treatment also in other types of tumors such as endometrial, prostatic and renal cancer. Furthermore, MPA has been evaluated in tumors which are not classically considered hormone-related, such as ovarian cancer. Therapy with one of a number of progestational agents has been the conventional approach to the management of endometrial carcinoma not amenable to surgery or radiation therapy. Among the various synthetic progestins, MPA has been the most widely employed both by i.m. and oral routes, according to a variety of doses and schedules. Objective responses have been obtained in a percentage of women varying between 30 and 50% in the different series. While the role of MPA in the palliative treatment of advanced disease is well accepted, opinion is divided on the role of progestins in the adjuvant setting. On the basis of available data, it should be concluded that the usefulness of adjuvant therapy with progestins in high risk, early-stage endometrial cancer has not yet been clearly demonstrated. As far as prostatic cancer is concerned, data coming from comparative trials show that MPA is less effective than diethylstilbestrol (DES), and therefore should not be considered the first choice for previously untreated patients. However, it can achieve responses in patients who no longer respond or who are refractory to DES, and represents the treatment of choice for those patients who, due to their cardiovascular conditions, cannot be given estrogens.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:An overview of clinical trials with high-dose medroxyprogesterone acetate (HD-MPA) in endocrine-related tumors other than breast cancer. 294 Nov 73

Disease-oriented phase II trials of doxifluridine were performed in advanced colorectal, breast, renal, endometrial, stomach, and ovarian carcinomas. The dose schedule recommended by the phase I trial (12.5 g/m2 by continuous iv infusion over 6 hours once a week for 3 weeks followed by a 1-week rest) was chosen first: the initial dose was later decreased to 10 g/m2 due to the fact that several neurotoxic effects were reported. A total of 207 patients were entered: 137 patients who received at least two courses of treatment were evaluable for response. Therapeutic activity was demonstrated in breast cancer [two complete responses (CR) and 13 partial responses (PR) among 42 patients], colon cancer (seven PRs among 35 patients), and rectal cancer (six PRs among 23 patients). Some therapeutic activity was detected in ovarian cancer (one CR among nine patients), endometrial cancer (one PR among five patients), and stomach cancer (one PR among five patients). No significant activity was noticed in renal cancer (one PR among 18 patients). Nonhematological toxicity was evaluated according to World Health Organization criteria. Nausea and vomiting were recorded in 50% of the patients (Grade 3-4 in 5%), diarrhea was recorded in 20% (Grade 3-4 in 5%), and cutaneous and allergic reactions were recorded in 10% (Grade 3-4 in 2%). Myelotoxicity during the first treatment course was mild; median wbc and platelet count nadirs (x 10(9) cells/L) were 4.1 (range, 0.1-11) and 194 (range, 20-482), respectively. Nevertheless, some cases of acute leukopenia and thrombopenia were reported. Consciousness alterations and neurologic symptoms were the major side effects (72 of 173 evaluable patients), since treatment had to be interrupted in 34 patients and four lethal neurotoxic effects occurred. At the same total dose of doxifluridine, the risk of neurotoxicity significantly increases with age and with the weekly dose and to the contrary it decreases with increasing bilirubin level. Although activity was demonstrated, this treatment cannot be recommended because of major neurotoxicity. Further pharmacological studies seem warranted to define the optimal dosage schedule and to obtain a better therapeutic index.
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PMID:Phase II clinical evaluation of doxifluridine. 294 45

The effects of chemotherapy for lung metastasis in 284 cancer patients using various anti-tumor drugs, including classic ones and modern active agents for the past 18 years, were presented. Lung metastasis for lung cancer was excluded. The response was achieved in cervical carcinoma of the uterus (17/62, 27%), endometrial carcinoma of the uterus (1/7, 14%), colorectal cancer (6/39, 15%), breast cancer (5/28, 18%) and stomach cancer (4/28, 14%). A high response was achieved in myosarcoma (5/12, 42%), testicular cancer (5/11, 45%) and also in ovarian cancer (3/10, 30%). Though there were few cases, a high response was achieved in malignant melanoma (2/3), choriocarcinoma (2/4) and esophageal cancer (1/3). In total patients the response rate was 20%. In these cases a complete response was achieved in 4 cervical cancers; one testicular cancer, ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer and renal cancer, respectively. However, the effect was temporary and no longterm survivor was observed except for one case of renal cancer treated continuously with interferon (3 X 10(6) units daily) and showing complete remission after 7 months of therapy. The effect of chemotherapy for lung metastasis was compared between nodular metastasis (NM) and lymphagiosis carcinomatosa (LC). In cervical carcinoma of the uterus, the response rate in NM (39%) was higher than in LC (11%). However, no difference was observed in breast cancer (NM 15%, LC 13%) nor in stomach cancer (NM 13%, LC 18%).
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PMID:[Chemotherapy for metastatic lung cancer]. 687 21

A large number of cohort and case-control studies have contributed to increased knowledge regarding alcoholic beverages and risk of malignant diseases. A clear association pointing at a causal relationship has been found for cancer of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, and liver. A suggestive association has been found for cancer of the large bowel and breast. An association is considered unlikely for cancer of the stomach, pancreas, lung, urinary bladder, prostate, ovary, and for malignant melanoma. Studies have also been conducted regarding endometrial cancer, kidney cancer, leukemia, and lymphoma. No associations have been demonstrated, but the number of studies is too small for conclusions.
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PMID:Alcohol and risk of cancer. 979 56

Germline mutations in the tumor-suppressor gene PTEN (MMAC1, TEP1) are found in Cowden syndrome, which predisposes to hamartomas, breast cancer, trichilemmomas, and thyroid tumors of follicular epithelium. PTEN has also been found to be somatically deleted, mutated, and/or silenced in various sporadically occurring cancers such as glioblastoma, breast cancer, kidney cancer, malignant melanoma, and endometrial cancer. Loss or reduction of PTEN protein expression as well as inappropriate subcellular compartmentalization is seen in non-medullary thyroid cancers. However, although allelic loss of the PTEN locus in 10q23.3 is frequently seen, this is not coupled with mutations in the PTEN gene. To approach further the frequency and mechanism behind PTEN silencing, we screened a panel of 87 sporadic thyroid tumors for PTEN mRNA expression, including 14 anaplastic carcinomas, 37 follicular carcinomas, 21 atypical adenomas, and 15 ordinary adenomas. Complete loss of PTEN mRNA expression was evident in six of the tumors, including four anaplastic carcinomas, one widely invasive carcinoma, and one ordinary adenoma. The transcriptional silencing of PTEN was significantly associated with the anaplastic subtype, suggesting that PTEN is involved in the carcinogenesis of highly malignant or late-stage thyroid cancers, whereas this particular mechanism appears to be of minor importance in differentiated follicular thyroid tumors. No association was observed between the expression, loss of heterozygosity, and mutation status in the 33 cases in which these parameters were compared. This indicates that PTEN silencing is a result of a wide variety of epigenetic and/or structural silencing mechanisms rather than a consequence of structural biallelic inactivation of the classical type. Furthermore, the high rate of alterations in the 10q23 region might indicate the presence of an as-yet unknown tumor-suppressor gene with an important role in the development of thyroid tumors.
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PMID:Silencing of the PTEN tumor-suppressor gene in anaplastic thyroid cancer. 1220 92

The progression of neoplasms is frequently associated with thromboembolic complications. Coagulation proteins, particularly tissue factor (TF), have been shown to play a role in tumor growth and metastatic dissemination. TFPI is the principal inhibitor of TF-dependent pathway of blood coagulation, but previous studies failed to detect antigenic TFPI in cancer tissue. Recently, a second inhibitor of tissue factor dependent pathway, TFPI-2 (also known as placental protein 5 [PP5] or matrix-associated serine protease inhibitor [MSPI]), has been described. Information on the presence of TFPI-2 within the malignant tumor tissue still remains obscure, and thus the aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of TFPI-2 in loco in several different neoplasms. TFPI-2 expression was demonstrated by immunohistochemical procedures in neoplastic cells of laryngeal, breast, gastric, colon, pancreatic, renal and endometrial cancer, as well as glial neoplasms. The intensity of staining was not uniform, with higher intensity in more differentiated tumors. G3 breast, gastric, endometrial and colon cancer cells revealed populations of cells that were either TFPI-2 positive or negative. Gastric and renal cancer tissue exhibited the presence of TFPI-2 in tumor infiltrating macrophages. TFPI-2 was also observed in normal tissue of the breast, stomach, colon and pancreas. These data demonstrate that the expression of TFPI-2 diminishes with an increasing degree of malignancy, which may suggest a role for TFPI-2 in the maintenance of tumor stability and inhibition of the growth of neoplasms.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical localization of tissue factor pathway inhibitor-2 in human tumor tissue. 1287 37


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