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Query: UMLS:C0476089 (endometrial cancer)
 11,379 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The analysis of compliance with hormonal replacement therapy in postmenopausal women must take into account the physician's knowledge of and willingness to prescribe such treatment and the patient's acceptance of the risks and benefits. Studies have shown that most women receiving oral therapy take their medication only sporadically, and those who discontinue treatment usually do so because of the fear of endometrial cancer. Both physicians and patients should be made aware that the addition of progestogen can greatly lessen this risk. Estrogen therapy has been shown to offer significant benefits, notably a reduction in the incidence of osteoporosis-related fractures. Epidemiologic models can be useful in showing both physicians and patients that hormonal treatment is safe and effective. Noncompliance, stemming from side effects or the problem of forgetting to take medications, can be improved through the use of the transdermal estrogen formulation. This product has been associated with excellent tolerability; local and systemic adverse reactions have been minimal, and any problems with unscheduled bleeding or hyperplasia can be circumvented through the addition of progestogens.
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PMID:Compliance with hormone therapy. 357 53

Because of the increasingly early age at which adolescents initiate sexual activity, their need for contraception has increased. A contraceptive suited to the needs of adolescents must be effective and well tolerated, with quick and perfect reversibility and no effects on the ongoing maturation process. Adolescents in general do not seek information on contraception as frequently as on abortion. Withdrawal and the various forms of rhythm involve no side effects but their use demands a high level of motivation ill suited to the episodic sex lives of adolescents, and their failure rate is high. Spermicides are seldom utilized by adolescents because of their inconvenience and the anatomical knowledge required. Their efficacy is incomplete and little is known about their possible side effects. Condoms are available without prescription, effective against pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases, and free of side effects. Their main drawback is the need for male participation. The diaphragm is effective and free of side effects. It offers protection against sexually transmitted diseases and allows ovarian maturation. Its disadvantages are the need to be fitted and the inconvenience of use. IUDs are contraindicated for nulliparas but may be used if hormonal contraception is also contraindicated and all other methods are refused. Hormonal contraception for males is still in the experimental stage. The minipill, with its small dose of synthetic progestagen, is suited for use by adolescents because it does not inhibit ovulation, but the need to take a pill at the same time every day may not be compatible with the habits or life style of young girls. Sequential pills are not totally effective and may involve a risk of endometrial cancer. Highly effective combined pills are available at various dose levels. Higher dose classic combined pills have the advantage for adolescents of continued protection in case of forgetting. Prescriptions may be changed to smaller doses when the habit of taking them regularly is developed.
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PMID:[Biology - contraception - adolescence. From the physiology of puberty to the possible physiopathology of contraception in the formative years]. 692 Nov 57

Each year as a consequence of pregnancy and delivery at least 500,000 women die, 99% of them in developing countries. Most maternal deaths are avoidable. For each death, 10-15 other women suffer serious health effects which may lead to chronic pain or even social isolation. Childbirth is riskier for women who are too young or too old, who have many children, or whose births are too closely spaced. Limiting family size reduces both maternal and child deaths. In developed countries, 5-30 women die per 100,000 births, compared to 50-800 in developing countries. Maternal mortality rates at 2 hospitals in Yaounde, Cameroon, have declined significantly in recent years, probably due to establishment of high risk pregnancy clinics, improved monitoring during labor, and child spacing clinics. Improved obstetric services and child spacing could reduce maternal mortality in developing countries as they have in the developed world. The use of contraception has been a controversial topic in traditional African societies, but by now the majority of governments of developing countries include family planning programs in their development plans for their health as well as their economic benefits. Despite gradual increases, fewer than 5% of women in most African countries use modern contraception. African men play an insignificant role in family planning. The continuing practices of prolonged lactation and postpartum abstinence in rural areas have compensated to some extent for the absence of modern contraception. Oral contraceptives are the most widely used reversible method. They may protect against vaginal infection, iron deficiency anemia, ectopic pregnancy, benign breast disease, ovarian and endometrial cancer, dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. There is evidence that some steroid hormones have a beneficial effect in stabilizing the cellular membranes of red blood cells in women with sickle cell anemia. The danger of infection with the IUD is largely limited to the 1st 4 months of use and to women with sexually transmitted diseases. Careful selection of candidates, aseptic insertion, and regular follow-up are needed to ensure IUD safety. The IUD is contraindicated for nulliparas. Barrier methods provide contraception as well as some protection against sexually transmitted diseases. Condoms have a significant protective effect against HIV infection. Diaphragms, cervical caps, and vaginal sponges provide some protection against infections like gonorrhea and chlamydiae that invade the cervical cells. Many adolescents resist condoms because they diminish sensation. But condoms provide protection against sexually transmitted diseases and are appropriate for individuals with sporadic sex lives. Oral contraceptives are more effective but adolescents are at risk of forgetting pills. IUDs are the least attractive option for adolescents because of the danger of infection and subsequent infertility.
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PMID:[High risk pregnancies and family planning]. 1234 59