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Query: UMLS:C0476089 (endometrial cancer)
 11,379 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The tissues from 30 cases of endometrial cancer and 44 cases of cervical cancer were examined for oestrogen receptor activity. Twenty of the endometrial and 9 of the cervical tumours contained oestrogen receptor levels above 4 fmol/mg protein. The proportion of oestrogen receptor-positive tumours was significantly greater in adenocarcinomas of the cervix than in squamous carcinomas of the cervix. Tissues from 3 mixed mesodermal tumours of the uterus, 2 carcinomas of the vagina, a carcinoma in situ of the cervix and a carcinoma in situ of the endometrium were receptor-negative. One ovarian carcinoma and a single case of uterine sarcoma were receptor-positive. The implications of these findings in relation to hormonal therapies are discussed.
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PMID:Oestrogen receptor studies in carcinoma of the endometrium, carcinoma of the uterine cervix and other gynaecological malignancies. 27 89

A retrospective analysis of 91 patients with endometrial carcinoma is presented with emphasis on important factors in relation to survival. Patients with Stage 1 carcinoma were treated with a standardized mode of preoperative radiation and extended abdominal hysterectomy. An 87.1% 5-year survival rate was obtained for patients with well differentiated lesions, with only 1 patient developing a vault metastasis. The assessment of residual tumour after intracavity radiotherapy proved reliable in predicting prognosis and should prove of benefit in directing additional therapy for endometrial carcinoma.
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PMID:Prognostic aspects of endometrial carcinoma. 28 70

Estrogens do not have the general biological effect of increasing the occurrence of cancer in various species of laboratory animals. The neoplastic effect of estrogens in animals is strain and species dependent. Estrogens may increase the incidence of uterine cervical cancer in some strains of mice, but not in other strains or other animal species. The progestins and oral contraceptives (OC) have not induced cervical cancer in animals and most studies demonstrate that the steroid anovulants do not increase the occurrence of abnormal cervical smears or cervical cancer in women. Estrogens increase the occurrence of endometrial cancer in the rabbit, occasionally in the mouse, but apparently not in other species. Case-control studies in menopausal and postmenopausal women indicate an increased risk of endometrial carcinoma (EC) associated with use of estrogen. However, in other studies estrogen has not been related to EC. Cases of EC have been reported in women using sequential OC but a causal relationship has not been established. Progestins alone may arrest progress or cause regression of EC in women. EC has not been related to use of the combination OC, and it is unlikely that use of these anovulants will lead to the development of endometrial cancer. Estrogens or OC do not induce a carcinogenic response in the ovary. A decrease in ovarian cysts, is observed during the clinical use of OC.
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PMID:Evaluation of the carcinogenic effects of estrogens, progestins and oral contraceptives on cervix, uterus and ovary of animals and man. 28 71

Surgery is the prime method of therapy for endometrial carcinoma. However, in nearly all cases radiotherapy is combined with it either before or after operation. High risk factors include hyperoestrinism, cervical spread, myometrial invasion, cellular anaplasia, and metastatic spread to adnexa, vagina and the pelvic lymph nodes. The latter involvement of the last factor is analysed in some detail, on the base of 216 dissections with an incidence of 8%. Analysis of other authors' findings are reviewed on the basis of autopsy and selection. The place for Wertheim hysterectomy is discussed, also vaginal hysterectomy and the timing of surgery when irradiation is given preoperatively. The author's statistics are derived from a previous study of 468 patients treated between 1956 and 1971.
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PMID:The current status of surgery for endometrial carcinoma: facts and fantasy. 28 72

Despite many years of extensive investigation, there has been neither a clear-cut pattern of hormonal production nor milieu found in women with breast cancer. Estrogen replacement therapy for menopause does not significantly increase the risk of breast cancer and one study indicated that estrogen users have a lower incidence of breast cancer than that observed in untreated women. Some studies have shown that the mortality rate from breast cancer is lower in estrogen-treated postmenopausal women. Only one investigator has found any significantly increased risk of breast cancer in oral contraceptive users. In that report, increased duration of birth control pill use decreased the risk of breast carcinoma. Several studies were unable to find an increased risk of breast cancer from oral contraceptives while one investigation observed a lower incidence in birth control pill users than that expected. The mortality from carcinoma of the breast in oral contraceptive users was lower than in non-users, most likely due to earlier detection. Although some retrospective studies have indicated that estrogen use increases the risk of endometrial cancer, a prospective investigation found only an insignificant increase. Progestogens afford some protection from cancer in estrogen-treated postmenopausal women. The incidence of endometrial adenocarcinoma is lower than that observed in untreated postmenopausal women. Combination oral contraceptives are protective against developing adenocarcinoma of the endometrium but sequential birth control pills may afford less protection.
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PMID:The role of hormones in the etiology of breast and endometrial cancer. 29 15

An antiserum was produced by immunization of rabbits with membrane preparations of a human lymphoblastoid B cell line, Daudi. After absorption with a human endometrial carcinoma cell line, this antiserum appeared to be specific for antigen(s) present on adult and fetal thymocytes as well as on tonsillar lymphocytes but absent, or present in very small amounts, on normal or phytohemagglutinin- (PHA) stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). When T and B cell-enriched fractions from tonsillar lymphocytes were tested with the anti-Daudi serum, the reactivity was equally distributed in each population. Among 13 human lymphoblastoid cell lines tested, reactivity was demonstrated on three out of four T cell lines, and on four out of nine B cell lines. The positive reacting B cell lines were derived from two African and two American Burkitt lymphomas. The antigen(s) described does not seem to be related either to human Ia-type antigens or to Epstein-Barr virus-associated antigens because these antigens are not present on fetal or adult thymocytes. Reciprocal absorption experiments indicate that this anti-Daudi serum detects the same antigenic structures present on certain subpopulations of T and B lymphocytes.
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PMID:Rabbit antiserum against Daudi-cell membrane fractions detects cell surface antigens present on subpopulations of human lymphocytes. 30 19

An all inclusive, widely accepted system for correlation of indices of pathophysiology in endometrial cancer with a spectrum of therapeutic management has yet to be developed. Improved understanding of tumor growth should lead to more logical, individualized treatment especially in terms of irradiation. To support these philosophies a brief review of past reports and studies, especially the Endometrial Adjuvant Study is provided. From an analysis of 574 patients in this study, it is apparent that prognostic factors could be separated as major, differentiation, and tumor penetration and minor, number of capsules of radium and depth of uterus. A pilot study under the Gynecologic Oncology Group suggests the correlation of the major factors with lymph node involvement. Since depth of penetration and lymph node involvement are most accurately determined by surgery and pathology, surgical staging is suggested as a guide for therapeutic decision.
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PMID:Endometrial cancer: therapeutic decision and the staging process in "early" disease. 31

An increasing incidence of endometrial cancer caused by a higher life expectancy and a number of other facters (i.e. obesity, diabetes, hypertension, lower pregnancy rate) as well as the unfavorable location for early detection when compared with cervical cancer has initiated this review in order to single out women with increased risk. Clinical characteristics of patients with endometrial cancer represented by age, menstrual disorders, reduced fertility, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, hirsutism, hyperplasia of the ovarian stroma or hilus cells in connection with an increased oestrogen effect in the vaginal smear and proliferative changes of the endometrium can be explained by extraglandular respectively peripheral aromatization of androgens to oestrogens, particular by the conversion of androstenedione to oestrone. This is supported by an increased plasma oestrone/oestradiol-ratio and increased conversion rate with age and overweight. In vivo- and in vitro-investigations have demonstrated the participation of adipose tissue in peripheral oestrogene production. The compiled data point towards the importance of the extraglandular oestrone production for the etiology of endometrial cancer by effecting the endometrium over a long period of time. The counter action of the normally cyclic changes of oestradiol and progesterone is lacking. Therefore, a dysoestrogenic effect of oestrone upon the endometrium can be fully effective, depending on the hormone receptor content of the respective endometrium. Based upon these data including recent publications, pre- and postmenopausal oestrogen therapy has to be critically reevaluated.
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PMID:[Endometrial cancer and extraglandular oestrogen biosynthesis (author's transl)]. 32 98

1. It has become evident that the estrogen secreting tumors of the ovary are associated with endometrial carcinoma, but this association is most easily observed in the postmenopausal patient where the incidence of carcinoma has been reported at 10.3% (1. 02) to 24% (83). 2. The most consistent association of endometrial carcinoma is with polycystic ovarian disease, where 19 (34), 21 (152), and 25% (150) of young women with endometrial carcinoma had Stein-Leventhal syndrome (67). 3. A very significant discovery became known in 1967 when the peripheral aromatization of delta4 androstenedione to estrone was reported by Kase (94) and MacDonald (111,112). Since that time we have learned that endometrial carcinoma patients have an increased peripheral conversion (139) (0.1% compared to 0.027%), which is similar to that found in obese and aging patients, by Hemsell, et al (77). This can be 2 to 4 times greater than the young adult or the patient without cancer. Estrone produced peripherally in normal postmenopausal women can amount to 40-60 microng/day and rise as high as 120-180 microng/day in the endometrial neoplasia group (39). Similarly patients with polycystic ovary disease, hyperthecosis and lipoid cell tumors of the ovary demonstrate androgen excess with extraglandular conversion to estrone (2). 4. It has become apparent that the principal estrogen in the postmenopausal patient is estrone and that the estrone-estradiol ratio in the serum is higher in postmenopausal women with corpus cancer than similar patients without cancer (135). Clearly, we must find the effect of this estrone excess at the nuclear "acceptor" level; and does this imbalance create a hormonal environment conducive to the development of endometrial carcinoma when age (an extremely important factor) and an oncogenic agent are added? 5. With the lack of ovarian estrogen there is a relative excess of adrenal testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and delta4 androstenedione, the available precursors of extraglandular estrone (1). 6. With the passage of time it appears that endometrial carcinoma is associated with hypothalamic "hyperactivity" (31) which exhibits immunologic-biologic dissociation of LH as previously observed in persistent trophoblastic disease when measuring hCG. The significance of this is still unknown. In a like fashion a significant number of the at risk polycystic ovary disease patients have an increased LH secretion. 7. Patient susceptibility is required as seen in animal experiments where prolonged administration of stilbestrol is used and still only rabbits and mice developed a malignant change. 8. Long term exogenous estrogen appears to have caused malignant changes in the endometrium, but it was universally given over a prolonged period (4 or more years). The recent retrospective studies demonstrate an association of oral estrogen therapy with endometrial cancer, but prospective studies investigating dose and duration of all estrogen preparations need to be undertaken. 9...
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PMID:Estrogen and endometrial carcinoma. 32 64

For a population-based, case-control study of cancer of the endometrium in Greater Boston from 1965 through mid-1969, 440 cases were drawn from nearly all hospitals in the area; controls were drawn at random from the general population. The age-adjusted incidence rate was 18.1/100,000 woman-years, with a peak at ages 55-59 and a gradual decline thereafter. Information was provided from 212 cases and 1,198 controls by mall questionnaire. A trend of reduced risk of endometrial cancer with increased parity was noted, the relative incidence (RI) for multiparous women being 0.3 compared to a RI of unity for married nulliparous women. The association of risk with age at first birth was irregular. Early menarche (RI=1.6) and late menopause (RI=1.7) were associated with increased risk of disease. Endometrial cancer risk was also found to be directly related to socioeconomic status, relative weight, diabetes, hypertension, and arthritis. The findings supported the idea that hormone activity during, and perhaps after, reproductive life is an important cause of this disease.
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PMID:Epidemiology of endometrial cancer. 33 20


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