Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0476089 (endometrial cancer)
 11,379 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Focus in this discussion of the pharmacology of gynecology is on the following: vaginal infections; genital herpes; genital warts; pelvic inflammatory disease; urinary infections; pruritus vulvae; menstrual problems; infertility; oral contraception; and hormone replacement therapy. Doctors in England working in Local Authority Family Planning Clinics are debarred from prescribing, and any patient with a vaginal infection has to be referred either to a special clinic or to her general practitioner which is often preferable as her medical history will be known. Vaginal discharge is a frequent complaint, and it is necessary to obtain full details. 1 of the most common infections is vaginal candidosis. Nystatin pessaries have always been a useful 1st-line treatment and are specific for this type of infection. Trichomonas infection also occurs frequently and responds well to metronidazole in a 200 mg dosage, 3 times daily for 7 days. It is necessary to treat the consort at the same time. Venereal diseases such as syphilis and gonorrhea always require vigorous treatment. Patients are now presenting with herpes genitalis far more often. The only treatment which is currently available, and is as good as any, is the application of warm saline to the vaginal area. Genital warts may be discovered on routine gynecological examination or may be reported to the doctor by the patient. 1 application of a 20% solution of podophyllum, applied carefully to each wart, usually effects a cure. Pelvic inflammatory disease seems to be on the increase. Provided any serious disease is ruled out a course of systemic antibiotics is often effective. Urinary infections are often seen in the gynecologic clinic, and many of these will respond well to 2 tablets of co-trimoxazole, 2 times daily for 14 days. In pruritus vulvae it is important to determine whether the cause is general or local. Menstrual problems regularly occur and have been increased by the IUD and the low-dose progesterone pill. Infertility necessitates investigation. It is helpful to use the temperature chart method to determine whether the patient is ovulating. Oral contraception merits only passing mention, i.e., the introduction of a new sequential pill containing ethynloestradiol and levonorgestrol. There is always the question of a possible relationship between long-term OC use and the development of endometrial cancer. There are certain definite indications for hormone replacement therapy, i.e., hot flushes, sweating and atrophic vaginitis.
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PMID:The pharmacology of gynaecology. 744 23

This article reviews several different articles which have contributed to an understanding of the harmful or beneficial effects of oral contraceptives (OCs) on various diseases. The Royal College of General Practitioners study found that current OC users compared to women who had never used OCs had relative risks of .52 for menorrhagia, .37 for dysmenorrhea, .65 for irregular cycles, .72 for intermenstrual bleeding, and .71 for premenstrual syndrome. Several studies found combined OCs to offer protection against ovarian cysts. Microdose progestin only pills did not ameliorate most menstrual problems and aggravated ovarian cysts. Despite some theoretical grounds for suspecting an association between pituitary prolactinomas and OC use, recent studies have failed to find an increased relative risk for prolactinomas in women using OCs for contraceptive purposes, although 1 study found an increased risk in women using OCs for cycle control. 1 study reported 11 pregnancies in 30 diabetic women in 15 months of IUD use; the high rate was attributed to abnormal patterns of mineral deposit on the IUD surface. The 11 pregnancies occurred with 5 Gravigardes, 5 Saf-T-Coils, and 1 Dalkon Shield. Other studies on the contrary have noted no difference in pregnancy rates among 103 diabetic women using Copper Ts or 118 diabetic women using Lippes loops. Combined OCs appear to reduce the incidence of rheumatoid arthritis by 1/2 among current OC users and to protect former users as well. Combined OCs aggravate lupus erythmatous but synthetic progestins alone are effective without aggravating the condition. It has recently been argued that low dose OCs are not contraindicated in cases of sickle cell disease and may even offer protection against thromboembolic vascular accidents for women with sickle cell anemia. Estimates of relative risk of pelvic infection among IUD users vary from 1.5 to 6.5, with the risk apparently greatest for women under 25. Recent studies have indicated that copper IUDs do not have the bactericidal power formerly attributed to them. Numerous in vitro studies and statistical comparisons of the effect of spermicides in vivo have demonstrated that local methods provide protection against sexually transmitted diseases. OCs may favor vaginal infection, but some recent studies have indicated that they offer protection against pelvic infections. The protective effect of the condom against sexually transmitted diseases is well known. It has been estimated that, relative to non-users of OCs, each 100,000 users will have 235 fewer cases of benign breast disease, 35 fewer of ovarian cysts, 320 fewer of iron deficiency anemia, 600 fewer of pelivc infection, 117 fewer of extrauterine pregnancy, 32 fewer of rheumatoid arthritis, 1 fewer of endometrial cancer, and 3 fewer of ovarian cancer.
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PMID:[Disease and contraception. Recent aspects]. 1228 Feb 11

Each year as a consequence of pregnancy and delivery at least 500,000 women die, 99% of them in developing countries. Most maternal deaths are avoidable. For each death, 10-15 other women suffer serious health effects which may lead to chronic pain or even social isolation. Childbirth is riskier for women who are too young or too old, who have many children, or whose births are too closely spaced. Limiting family size reduces both maternal and child deaths. In developed countries, 5-30 women die per 100,000 births, compared to 50-800 in developing countries. Maternal mortality rates at 2 hospitals in Yaounde, Cameroon, have declined significantly in recent years, probably due to establishment of high risk pregnancy clinics, improved monitoring during labor, and child spacing clinics. Improved obstetric services and child spacing could reduce maternal mortality in developing countries as they have in the developed world. The use of contraception has been a controversial topic in traditional African societies, but by now the majority of governments of developing countries include family planning programs in their development plans for their health as well as their economic benefits. Despite gradual increases, fewer than 5% of women in most African countries use modern contraception. African men play an insignificant role in family planning. The continuing practices of prolonged lactation and postpartum abstinence in rural areas have compensated to some extent for the absence of modern contraception. Oral contraceptives are the most widely used reversible method. They may protect against vaginal infection, iron deficiency anemia, ectopic pregnancy, benign breast disease, ovarian and endometrial cancer, dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. There is evidence that some steroid hormones have a beneficial effect in stabilizing the cellular membranes of red blood cells in women with sickle cell anemia. The danger of infection with the IUD is largely limited to the 1st 4 months of use and to women with sexually transmitted diseases. Careful selection of candidates, aseptic insertion, and regular follow-up are needed to ensure IUD safety. The IUD is contraindicated for nulliparas. Barrier methods provide contraception as well as some protection against sexually transmitted diseases. Condoms have a significant protective effect against HIV infection. Diaphragms, cervical caps, and vaginal sponges provide some protection against infections like gonorrhea and chlamydiae that invade the cervical cells. Many adolescents resist condoms because they diminish sensation. But condoms provide protection against sexually transmitted diseases and are appropriate for individuals with sporadic sex lives. Oral contraceptives are more effective but adolescents are at risk of forgetting pills. IUDs are the least attractive option for adolescents because of the danger of infection and subsequent infertility.
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PMID:[High risk pregnancies and family planning]. 1234 59