Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0476089 (endometrial cancer)
 11,379 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The glutathione S-transferase (GST) pi has been studied in association with the mechanisms of multidrug resistance and as a marker for malignant tumors. In this study, specimens from 92 cases of cervical neoplasms and 10 cases of normal squamous epithelium adhering to myoma were stained immunohistochemically with a rabbit polyclonal antibody to GST-pi. In 6 cases of normal squamous epithelium, the intermediate layer was positively stained with the GST-pi antibody. In all 20 cases of dysplasia, the cells with koilocytotic atypia were stained positively. In all 10 cases of carcinoma in situ and all 16 cases of stage Ia squamous cell carcinoma, various intensities of GST-pi staining were demonstrated. Forty-six specimens of stage Ib or more squamous cell carcinoma were positive for GST-pi binding except only one case. In general, squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix is resistant to chemotherapeutic agents. GST-pi is most frequently stained in cervical squamous cell carcinoma as compared with ovarian or endometrial carcinoma. In conclusion, these results suggest that GST-pi may be a marker for cervical squamous cell carcinoma.
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PMID:[An immunohistological study on expression of glutathione S-transferase pi (form) in dysplastic and neoplastic human uterine cervix lesions]. 875 94

We have examined telomerase activities in uterine cancer specimens including non-cancerous normal counterparts by the method of TRAP assay. We detected strong telomerase activities in 29 of 30 cervical cancers (96.7%) and all 16 samples of endometrial cancer. Normal cervical epithelial tissues obtained from 5 individuals had very little telomerase activity but were evaluated to be diagnostically negative in the activity. In contrast, normal endometrial tissue specimens (4 out of 6) had relatively stronger telomerase activities in consistent with the result reported previously by others. Most notably, we found that dysplastic lesions in the uterine cervix had significant telomerase activities. In an attempt to examine the telomerase assay by using cervical scraping samples, we have detected the telomerase activity in one case of 12 (8.3%) normal cervical epithelia, one of 16 (6.3%) cervical dysplasias and 6 of 9 (66.7%) cervical cancers (stage 0-1b). These present study shows that the telomerase assay is useful for the diagnosis of cervical cancers. However, it is hampered to evaluate whether or not telomerase activity in endometrial cancer specimens is attributable to cancer cells because of the presence of relatively strong telomerase activity in normal endometrium. In addition, telomerase activities was detectable in scraping samples from uterine cervix which were clinically diagnosed as CIS but not dysplasia and normal.
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PMID:[Telomerase activity in the uterine cervix and the uterine body]. 961 42

Endometrial hyperplasia is regarded as a precursor lesion of endometrioid adenocarcinomas of the endometrium. The genetic events involved in the multistep process from normal endometrial glandular tissue to invasive endometrial carcinomas are primarily unknown. We chose endometrial hyperplasia as a model for identifying chromosomal aberrations occurring during carcinogenesis. Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) was performed on 47 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens of endometrial hyperplasia using the microdissection technique to increase the number of tumor cells in the samples and reduce contamination from normal cells. CGH analysis revealed that 24 out of 47 (51%) samples had detectable chromosomal imbalances, whereas 23 (49%) were in a genetically balanced state. The incidence of aberrant CGH profiles tended to parallel dysplasia grade, ranging from 22% aberrant profiles in simple hyperplasia to 67% in complex hyperplasia with atypia. The most frequent imbalances were 1p, 16p, and 20q underrepresentations and 4q overrepresentations. Copy number changes in 1p were more frequent in atypical complex hyperplasia than in complex lesions without atypical cells or simple lesions (42% versus 20% and 0%). Our results show that endometrial hyperplasia reveals recurrent chromosomal imbalances which tend to increase with the presence of atypical cells. The most frequent aberrations in endometrial cancer, 1q and 8q overrepresentations, are not present or are rare in its precursor lesions. This analysis provides evidence that tumorigenesis proceeds through the accumulation of a series of genetic alterations and suggests a stepwise mode of tumorigenesis.
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PMID:Genetic imbalances in precursor lesions of endometrial cancer detected by comparative genomic hybridization. 1085 5

The availability of screening modalities and improvements in prevention have reduced the risk of developing some cancers over the last few decades. Methods for optimal screening of gynecologic cancers are still being investigated. Cervical cancer is the only gynecologic malignancy for which a screening modality is widely accepted and recommended to all women. Annual screening of cervical cells has been shown to reduce the incidence of cervical cancer by 78%. Unfortunately, more than 50% of cervical cancers occur in women who have not been screened optimally. In the year 2000, an estimated 12,800 women developed cervical cancer. Of these women, 89% were seen by a physician but not screened. Vaginal cancer is associated with a similar etiology, pathobiology, and symptomatology as is cervical cancer. Vaginal dysplasia and cancer can also be detected by the Pap test, but the prevalence of the disease is low. Endometrial carcinoma is the most common gynecologic cancer. The widespread availability of outpatient biopsy devices has been the most significant advance in the early diagnosis of corpus cancers. Ovarian cancer is the gynecologic malignancy associated with the highest death rate. No modality has been shown as an effective screening method for this cancer. Women with a family history of ovarian cancer may benefit from combined modality screening; prophylactic oophorectomy should be offered to those with hereditary ovarian cancer syndromes. A complete physical examination by the physician offers the best method for early detection of vulvar cancer. Awareness and implementation of recommended screening guidelines for gynecologic cancers by primary care and specialty physicians can decrease the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer. Including the genital tract in the complete examination of the female patient could decrease markedly the mortality from the other gynecologic cancers.
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PMID:Optimum screening interventions for gynecologic malignancies. 1123 59

Patients undergoing radiotherapy for advanced cervical and endometrial cancer bear a considerable risk of developing vaginal preneoplastic lesions. Radiotherapy itself has been considered to have a role in the pathogenesis of vaginal dysplasia, although human papillomavirus (HPV) involvement has also been suggested. A series of 88 patients who underwent hysterectomy and were irradiated for gynecological cancer, including 43 with postradiation vaginal dysplasia at colposcopy and 45 without vaginal lesions, were included in this study. Detection and genotyping of HPV DNA in vaginal scraping were carried out by a PCR-based method and compared with colposcopic and cytological findings and with other clinical and laboratory data. Forty-two (97.7%) colposcopy-positive subjects and 6 (13.3%) colposcopically-negative patients were PCR-positive for high-risk HPV DNA (P < 0.000001). Twenty-two out of the 43 patients with colposcopic lesions showed an abnormal Papanicolau (PAP) test. Cytologic examination was negative in all colposcopically negative women. Type 16 HPV DNA was more frequent in patients with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and in patients treated with external radiotherapy, whereas other types of high-risk HPV were more common in patients with low-grade lesions and in those treated with brachytherapy. When considering colposcopy as the standard for diagnosing vaginal dysplasia, HPV DNA testing was more sensitive than the PAP test. However, the specificity of the PAP test was higher with no false-positive case. In conclusion, vaginal preneoplastic changes in women post-hysterectomy and receiving radiotherapy for cervical, endometrial, and vaginal cancer represent an HPV-related nosologic entity. Whereas colposcopic examination can detect these preneoplastic lesions, HPV genotyping is a sensitive, inexpensive, and noninvasive method that may complement colposcopy and the PAP test.
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PMID:Vaginal dysplastic lesions in women with hysterectomy and receiving radiotherapy are linked to high-risk human papillomavirus. 1211 34

There have been many new published articles on the association between oral contraception (OC) and carcinogenic effects. Risk of benign breast cancer seems to be about 3/1000 in women under OC treatment. According to a study by the Royal College of General Practitioners this decrease is in proportion to the dose of progesterone used. Incidence of malignant breast cancer in OC users varies greatly; it is about 13/100,000 in Japan and 71.4/100,000 in the U.S.: the influence of the environment seems to be as responsible for side effects as genetic and obstetrical factors. Risk of malignant endometrial cancer is increased by age over 40, obesity, and nulliparity. However, since 1975, there has been an increase in the reported incidence of endometrial adenocarcinoma in young women. There is only 1 published study which shows that OC may decrease endometrial effects in OC users. Cervical pathology in OC users includes endocervical polypus, which are asymptomatic, and dysplasia and carcinoma, which are both related to age at 1st sexual encounter and to the number of sexual partners. The incidence of hepatic carcinoma in relation to OC is only 1/50,000. Risk of thromboembolism and hypertension are increased by age over 35, obesity, smoking, and family or antecedent history of cardiovascular problems.
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PMID:[Risks and follow-up of women taking combination oral contraceptives]. 1227 53

Insulin-like growth factor II mRNA-binding protein 3 (IMP3) is an oncofetal protein highly expressed in fetal tissue and malignant tumors but rarely found in adult benign tissues. The aim of this study is to determine the expression of IMP3 in benign endometrium, endometrial cancer, and its precursor lesions, trying to see whether IMP3 has any diagnostic usage. Two hundred ninety-eight endometrial samples were examined for IMP3 expression by immunohistochemistry. These included benign endometrium (n=68), atypical hyperplasia or endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia (n=35), endometrial glandular dysplasia (n=21), endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma (n=18), endometrioid carcinoma (n=70), mucinous carcinoma (n=8), serous carcinoma (n=51), clear cell carcinoma (n=12), and other malignancies (n=15). Maturational patterns in the 68 benign endometrial samples included atrophic (n=12), proliferative (n=18), secretory (n=14), menstrual (n=8), and gestational (n=16). Most of the carcinomas were histologically pure; where mixed, the second component constituted <10% of the total tumor volume. The extent and intensity of IMP3 expression was semiquantitatively determined and scored for all samples. A renal cell carcinoma with known IMP3 expression was used as positive control for each immunohistochemistry run. Among the malignant cases, IMP3 expression was predominantly found in endometrial serous carcinoma and its putative precursor lesions, with 3 (14%) of 21 endometrial glandular dysplasia, 16 (89%) of 18 serous endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma, and 48 (94%) of 51 serous carcinomas (P<0.001). In contrast, the frequency of IMP3 expression was significantly lesser in nonserous malignancies with 0 (0%) of 35, 5 (7%) of 70, 0 (0%) of 8, 3 (25%) of 12, and 5 (33%) of 15 positive expression rates in atypical hyperplasia or endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell carcinomas, and other malignancies, respectively. The IMP3 staining was universally cytoplasmic, with diffuse staining of strong intensity in serous carcinomas, whereas staining was typically patchy and of moderate or weak intensity in nonserous malignancies. Among the benign endometrial samples, decidualized endometrial stroma showed 100% positivity for IMP3. The remaining samples were negative, with the exception of a few weakly proliferative glands in 3 (5%) of 68 cases that showed focal weak immunoreactivity of IMP3. The trophoblasts in the first trimester chorionic villi were also diffusely positive, which was consistent with previously reported findings. We conclude that expression of IMP3, a newly identified cytoplasmic marker, is closely associated with type II endometrial cancer. It seems that IMP3 expression is associated with an aggressive histologic phenotype among endometrial neoplastic lesions. Strong and diffuse IMP3 expression is highly sensitive for endometrial serous and clear cell carcinomas including their putative precursor lesions. Therefore, IMP3 may be a useful diagnostic marker in the assessment of endometrial cancers and their precursor lesions, particularly when the amount of available tissue material is limited and a concern of type II cancer arises. High frequency of IMP3 expression is present in decidualized endometrial stroma of gestational endometrium and chorionic villi in early pregnancy. Although the significance of the latter finding remains unclear, the differential diagnosis between decidual changes and endometrial serous carcinoma is rarely problematic.
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PMID:The oncofetal protein IMP3: a novel biomarker for endometrial serous carcinoma. 1822 34

In the past, hysterectomy was routinely performed at the time of pelvic organ prolapse repair. Nowadays, in patients with abnormal uterus (fibroma, dysplasia...), hysterectomy should be performed at the time of surgery. In contrast, in young women especially with desire of childbearing, uterus preservation is the best choice. But there is still a debate in postmenopausal patients with normal uterus and POP. There is currently no argument for choosing hysterectomy or uterus preservation at the time of POP repair in regard of the anatomical results for the middle as well as the anterior and posterior compartments. But it has been proven that hysterectomy increased the perioperative morbidity. Subtotal hysterectomy decreases this morbidity and result in a decreased rate of mesh erosion. To date, literature is not conclusive about the impact of hysterectomy on lower urinary tract symptoms. Patient's counselling is important before hysterectomy with adequate information about potential psychosexual consequences of such procedure. At least, if uterus preservation, patients must be aware of the risk of malignant diseases (cervix or endometrial carcinoma) even if the risk is low in case of a good screening preoperatively.
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PMID:[The role of hysterectomy during the repair of prolapse by promonotofixation]. 1996 71

Endometrial serous carcinoma (ESC) is the most aggressive subtype of endometrial cancer. Its aggressive behavior and poor clinical outcome may be partially attributed to lack of early diagnostic markers and unclear patho-genesis. The transcription factor Erythroid-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a recently identified protein marker, which plays a role in carcinogenesis as well as responsible for poor prognosis of many human cancers. The aim of this study is to determine the Nrf2 expression in benign endometrium (n=28), endometrial cancers (n=122) as well as their precursor lesions (n=81) trying to see whether Nrf2 has any diagnostic usage and is potentially involved in endometrial carcinogenesis. The level of Nrf2 was evaluated by immunohistochemical (IHC) and verified by using Western blots. Among the malignant cases, Nrf2 was positive in 28 (68%) of 50 ESCs, which was significantly more than in 3 (6%) of 50 endometrioid carcinomas (p < 0.001) and 2 (13%) of 15 clear cell carcinomas (p = 0.001) and other histologic types of endometrial cancers. Among endometrial precursor lesions, both serous endometrial glandular dysplasia (EmGD, 40%) and serous endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma (EIC, 44%) showed a significantly higher Nrf2 expression than that in atypical endometrial hyperplasia or endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia (0%), clear cell EmGD (10%), and clear cell EIC (25%), respectively. We conclude that Nrf2 overexpression is closely associated with endometrial neoplasms with serous differentiation. Alteration of Nrf2 expression may represent one of the early molecular events in ESC carcinogenesis and overexpression of Nrf2 may used as a diagnostic marker in surgical pathology.
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PMID:Nrf2 expression in endometrial serous carcinomas and its precancers. 2122 30

The current medical examinations for detecting endometrial cancer can sometimes be stressful and inconvenient for examinees and examiners. Therefore, we attempted to develop an autoscan-virtual cytology system for detecting endometrial cancer without relying on judgment by the human eye. Exfoliated cells from the uterus were retrieved using a tampon inserted for 3 h. More than 100 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) developed by us were screened in three steps of immunohistochemistry to find mAb sets that would enable the cancer and normal endometrium to be perfectly distinguished. The exfoliated cells provided by 30 endometrial cancer patients and a total of 37 samples of 14 non-malignant volunteers including the menstrual cycle were analyzed using imaging cytometry. All samples contained epithelial cells and dysplasia cells, but the pathologist could not definitively diagnose all of them as endometrial cancer cells because most cells had degenerated. Twenty-two of 28 endometrial cancer tissues (79%) were positive with four mAb sets, CRELD1, GRK5, SLC25A27 and STC2, and 22 of 22 normal endometriums (100%) were negative. Our newly developed autoscan-virtual cytology for exfoliated endometrial cells showed overall sensitivity for endometrial cancer patients and overall specificity for volunteers of 50% (15/30) and 95% (35/37), respectively. Our autoscan-virtual cytology combined with cancer-specific mAb and imaging cytometry could be useful for endometrial cancer detection. Autoscan-virtual cytology for endometrial cancer deserves further evaluation for future endometrial cancer screening.
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PMID:Novel virtual cytological analysis for the detection of endometrial cancer cells using autoscan fluoromicroscopy. 2129 18


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