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Query: UMLS:C0476089 (endometrial cancer)
 11,379 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Recently some studies have shown an association between the pill and increased risk of breast cancer and cancer of the cervix. Several well- designed prospective studies indicated that there was an increased risk of breast cancer for women without children with menarche before 13 who took the pill for many years. A control case study of 407 breast cancer victims compared 424 controls found that the risk of women who had taken hormonal contraceptives was double, however, the duration of use, age, parity was not considered. Although there has been a slight increase of breast cancer incidence in Switzerland, it could be attributed to better diagnostic measures. The increase or dysplasia and carcinoma of the cervix has been linked to taking the pill for 5 years or more, but making a direct correlation is speculative. Among smokers cervical carcinoma is more frequent even without pill use. The pill has changed sexual habits allowing sexual intercourse at an earlier age with more partners and spreading sexually-transmitted carcinogens (human papilloma virus). Cytological cervix control, treatment of vaginal infections, and use of condoms or other barrier methods could minimize this risk. On the other hand, an analysis of data of 47,000 women observed since 1967 indicated that there were more carcinoma in situ findings and even more invasive cervical carcinomas after using the pill for 10 years or longer. The incidence of carcinoma of the endometrium is lower after longterm use of the pill due to the antiestrogenic effect of the gestagen component. Similarly, after taking a combination preparation for 6 months the incidence of ovarian carcinomas also dropped, especially among nulliparas. Medical advice should include careful explanation of risks and benefits of the pill, cytological examination when the pill os prescribed. The low-dose micropills seem to diminish the risks, but nonhormonal alternatives are also available.
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PMID:[Oral contraceptives and cancer]. 281 16

Benign diseases which should be distinguished from early carcinoma of the uterus include dysplasia, condyloma, and papilloma of the cervix; and hyperplasia and polyp of the endometrium. Cervical smear, colposcopy, cone biopsy are useful for diagnosis of early cervical cancer. Endometrial smear, hysteroscopy, endometrial curettage and CT are essential for diagnosis of early endometrial cancer.
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PMID:[Differential diagnosis of early carcinoma of the uterus]. 317 99

The paper covers a number of morphogenetic problems of endometrial cancer with reference to multidirectional differentiation of the uterine epithelium affected by tumor. Metaplastic changes of the endometrium observable in three basic variants (tubal, endocervical, squamous cell) can entail dysplasia with resultant malignant transformation. Endometrial cancer shows complex structure of the tumor with sings of multidirectional epithelial differentiation: endometrial, tubal, endocervical, squamous). Morphological features of the tumor and adjacent mucosa, assessed comparatively, suggest a close relationship between the direction of endometrial epithelium differentiation and the new growth histological structure.
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PMID:[Aspects of the morphogenesis of cancer of the endometrium]. 320

The authors report on the different aspects they have observed when they studied 300 case histories of patients who had a histological examination of the endometrium for menorrhagia or metrorrhagia. In 9.9% of the cases the endometrium was normal. In those cases there was an associated lesion particularly of the myometrium. Whatever the type of bleeding, the most common finding was hyperplasia. The authors emphasize that this can evolve to dysplasia (4% of their cases) and to carcinoma of the endometrium (3% of the cases).
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PMID:[Menorrhagia, metrorrhagia and the endometrium. Apropos of 300 cases]. 335 Dec 6

In this study, we examined the incidence of the uterine neoplasia in Niigata prefecture on the basis of the data collected by the Niigata Gynecologic Cancer Registry between 1982 and 1984. The results are as follows: The registered cases with dysplasia (Dysp.), cervical carcinoma in situ (CIS), cervical invasive carcinoma (Inv. Ca.) and endometrial carcinoma (End. Ca) were 358, 147, 530 and 141, respectively. One hundred and ninety-six cases with Dysp., 81 cases with CIS, 99 cases with Inv. Ca. and 10 cases with End. Ca. were detected by mass cancer screening. The crude incidence rate for Dysp., CIS, Inv. Ca. and End. Ca. was 9.44, 3.88, 13.98 and 3.72, respectively. The age standardized incidence rate (all age, world population) for Dysp., CIS, Inv. Ca. and End. Ca. was 7.48, 3.08, 9.45 and 2.63, respectively. The age standardized incidence rate (over 30 years, world population) for Dysp., CIS, Inv. Ca, and End. Ca. was 16.48, 6.77, 21.00 and 5.90, respectively. The lifetime incidence rate for uterine carcinoma in women aged 0 approximately 75 years was 1.65%.
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PMID:[Regional registration study of uterine neoplasia in Niigata Prefecture]. 355 27

Large granular lymphocytes (LGL) containing almost all natural killer (NK) and killer (K) cells were studied in the peripheral blood of patients with gynecological malignancies. The results obtained were as follows: The ratio of LGL/peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) in normal volunteers was almost the same as that in patients with benign gynecological tumors, showing a tendency to increase, though not significantly, with age. The ratio of patients with precancerous disease or preinvasive cancer, including severe dysplasia, CIS and endometrial atypical hyperplasia, decreased more slightly than that of controls. On the other hand, that of patients with invasive malignant tumors, including uterine cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, uterine sarcoma, ovarian cancer and vulval cancer, increased significantly more than that of controls. The ratio showed no significant variation due to the difference in tumor sites and clinical stages Ia to III of cervical cancer. Out of 8 patients with ovarian cancer, 6 showed an extraordinarily high LGL/PBL ratio. It is concluded from the present study that the increase in the LGL/PBL ratio may be used as a new criterion in diagnosing invasive malignancies, including ovarian cancer, although the significance of the changing ratio still remains to be clarified.
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PMID:[Large granular lymphocytes (LGL) in the peripheral blood of patients with gynecological malignancies]. 666 28

Exogenous hormones, aside from their use as a contraceptive, are prescribed for treatment of menopausal symptoms (estrogens) and endometriosis/endometrial cancer (progestogens). This has enabled investigation of certain structural differentiations which occur during carcinogenesis in the cervix. Estrogens stimulate proliferation of stratified squamous epithelium of the ectocervix, but not that of endocervical columnar epithelium. On the other hand, progestogens stimulate the columnar epithelium and reserve cells beneath it, but not the squamous epithelium. Under estrogenic stimulation, an epithelial defect developing on the external cervical surface becomes reepithelialized mainly by the stratified squamous epithelium and is covered by regenerative epithelium. Under progestogenic stimulation, regeneration of the squamous epithelium is often preceded by proliferation of reserve cell hyperplasis. All these are benign repair processes which account for the largest proportion of the reepithelialization phenomena and healing seen in cervical ectopia. The appearance of the 3rd mucosa is the last stage of the healing process; here, a layer of mature stratified squamous epithelium covers the cervical mucosa. In a small number of cases, reepithelialization is followed by the development of precancerous lesions of various grades, and the beginning of carcinogenesis. It is possible to determine the origin of the cells from the appearance of various forms of intraepithelial neoplasis (e.g., dysplasia and carcinoma in situ of the squamous cell type, mucoid dysplasia and carcinoma in situ of the reserve cell type, microcarcinoma, and adenocarcinoma of the endocervical mucosa). An etiologic link between progrestogen administration and adenocarcinoma has been suspected. The highly potent hormone norgestrel appears to be the factor in many typical hyperplasias and carcinomas.
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PMID:Structural variations of cervical cancer and its precursors under the influence of exogenous hormones. 729 31

We report a histochemical study of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in normal cells of the female reproductive system, in pre-cancerous and cancerous lesions of the uterine cervix and in endometrial cancer to ascertain the incidence of ALP and its isoenzyme type. For this purpose, serial sections were subjected to heat stability and L-phenylalanine (LP) inhibition tests. The Regan-like isoenzyme, a heat-stable and LP-sensitive ALP, which has been thought to derive only from cancer or the placenta, was found in uterine cervical reserve cells and endometrial luminal surface lining cells. In contrast, ALP activity in endometrial glandular cells was found to be heat and LP sensitive. Of 183 cases of cervical neoplasia, 60 (33%) manifested non-specific ALP activity. One dysplasia and two invasive cancer cases manifested the Regan-like isoenzyme. The other 36 classifiable lesions had small-intestine ALP-like activity (marked heat and LP sensitivity) or a liver ALP-like isoenzyme (marked heat and slight LP sensitivity). Of 42 cases of endometrial cancer, all cases manifested non-specific ALP activity. Seven endometrial cancers exhibited the Regan-like isoenzyme. The other 19 cases manifested either small intestine or liver ALP-like isoenzyme. Our findings indicate that in the course of uterine carinogenesis, the ALP isoenzyme of reserve cell and endometrial glandular cells undergo a change and that enzyme deviation occurs.
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PMID:Heat-stable alkaline phosphatase in uterine cancer, with special reference to its histochemical heat-stability and the L-phenylalanine inhibition test. 733 83

At the present time in the Netherlands, mainly oral contraceptives (OCs) with 3-35 mcg of ethinyl estradiol are used with progestagen components of levonorgestrel, norethindrone, and lynestrol. The modern progestagens gestodene, norgestimate, and desogestrel have fewer androgenic side effects and less effect on the serum lipids and glucose metabolism. Alleged carcinogenic effects of OCs have not been proven, in contrast, their protective effects against certain tumors have been discovered. The progestagen in OCs eliminates endometrial hyperplasia and reduces the chance of endometrial cancer. The high-dose estrogen pills without use of equally high dose progestagens increase the risk of endometrial cancer, and in women under 45 who developed this cancer, the use of such sequential preparations was relatively high. A 1980 study found that the use of combination OCs compared to nonusers reduces the risk of endometrial cancer by 50%. The protective effect lasts 5-15 years even after discontinuation of OC use. The risk factors for ovarian cancer are advanced age, early menarche, late menopause, race, nulliparity, low number of pregnancies, and family history. Even the short-term use of OCs significantly diminishes the risk of ovarian cancer, and the protective effect lasts 5-10 years. A 1983 study indicated that women using OCs had more risk of dysplasia and cancer of the cervix. The relative risk was 1.5 up to 5 years of use and 2.1 =or 10 years. Nevertheless, the causal link was neither proven nor denied, thus, such women are advised not smoke. Several investigations hinted at an increased risk of breast cancer and long-term OC use (over 8 years) with earlier preparations containing 50 mcg of EE or more. In a large study in 1986 no link was found, however, in a World Health Organization control study, a slightly significant risk was ascertained in women under 25 years who had used OC before the birth of the first child.
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PMID:[The pill and cancer of the female sex organs and breast]. 828 52

Tamoxifen is one of the most important treatments for breast cancer, especially in postmenopausal patients. It acts primarily as an anti-estrogenic agent, due to its cytoplasmic estrogen receptor binding capacity. However, it also exerts a mild estrogenic effect. Since the prolonged use of estrogen has been reported to increase the rate of benign and malignant changes in the endometrium, we evaluated whether there is a correlation between tamoxifen therapy and endometrial benign and malignant conditions. The study group comprised 95 patients with breast cancer who were treated with tamoxifen. No control group was examined. Patients underwent vaginal ultrasonography and endometrial biopsy in order to evaluate any changes in the endometrium occurring during tamoxifen therapy. Pathological changes were observed in 14 patients, 13 of whom were treated with tamoxifen for more than 12 months. Of these women, 3 were diagnosed with endometrial cancer, 3 had mild dysplasia, 3 had endometrial hyperplasia, and 4 had a benign endometrial polyp. Our findings indicate a significant correlation between long-term tamoxifen administration and endometrial proliferation. We therefore recommend that women treated with tamoxifen for more than 12 months have an annual vaginal ultrasonography and endometrial biopsy.
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PMID:The effect of tamoxifen on the endometrium. 840 Mar 18


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