Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0476089 (endometrial cancer)
 11,379 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), such as tamoxifen and raloxifene can act as estrogen receptor (ER) antagonists or agonists depending on the cell type. The antagonistic action of tamoxifen has been invaluable for treating breast cancer, whereas the agonist activity of SERMs also has important clinical applications as demonstrated by the use of raloxifene for osteoporosis. Whereas the mechanism whereby SERMs function as antagonists has been studied extensively very little is known about how SERMs produce agonist effects in different tissues with the two ER types; ERalpha and ERbeta. We examined the regulation of 32 SERM-responsive regions with ERalpha and ERbeta in transiently transfected MCF-7 breast, Ishikawa endometrial, HeLa cervical and WAR-5 prostate cancer cells. The regions were regulated by tamoxifen and raloxifene in some cell types, but not in all cell lines. Tamoxifen activated similar number of regions with ERalpha and ERbeta in the cell lines, whereas raloxifene activated over twice as many regions with ERbeta compared to ERalpha. In Ishikawa endometrial cancer cells, tamoxifen activated 17 regions with ERalpha, whereas raloxifene activated only 2 regions, which might explain their different effects on the endometrium. Microarray studies also found that raloxifene regulated fewer genes than tamoxifen in U2OS bone cancer cells expressing ERalpha, whereas tamoxifen was equally effective at regulating genes with ERalpha and ERbeta. Our studies indicate that tamoxifen is a non-selective agonist, whereas raloxifene is a relative ERbeta-selective agonist, and suggest that ERbeta-selective SERMs might be safer for treating clinical conditions that are dependent on the agonist property of SERMs.
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PMID:Cell type- and estrogen receptor-subtype specific regulation of selective estrogen receptor modulator regulatory elements. 1905 7

Numerous studies have suggested that interleukin 11 (IL-11) has roles in human gastric, prostate and bone cancer and endometrial carcinoma. Hence, we evaluated the expression of IL-11 in bladder cancer and the correlation of IL-11 levels and clinico-pathological features. The expression of IL-11 in primary human bladder cell culture, human bladder cancer cell lines, transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) and non-cancerous bladder tissues (NATs) were analyzed by western blotting. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for urinary IL-11 was performed to compare the IL-11 levels in healthy subjects and subjects diagnosed with bladder cancer. Our study suggested that the expression of IL-11 in human bladder cancer cell lines and TCC was downregulated compared with primary human bladder cell culture and matched NATs. We also demonstrated reduced urinary levels of IL-11 in subjects with bladder cancer compared with healthy subjects. Furthermore, we revealed that the levels of IL-11 were associated with tumor grade and stage. The results suggested that reduced levels of IL-11 may play an important role in the carcinogenesis and progression of TCC. They also indicated that IL-11 may be a promising predictor for prognosis of TCC.
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PMID:Interleukin-11, an interleukin-6-like cytokine, is a promising predictor for bladder cancer prognosis. 2317 40

Metformin is a widely used biguanide drug due to its safety and low cost. It has been used for over 60 years to treat type 2 diabetes at the early stages because of its outstanding ability to decrease plasma glucose levels. Over time, different uses of metformin were discovered, and the benefits of metformin for various diseases and even aging were verified. These diseases include cancers (e.g., breast cancer, endometrial cancer, bone cancer, colorectal cancer, and melanoma), obesity, liver diseases, cardiovascular disease, and renal diseases. Metformin exerts different effects through different signaling pathways. However, the underlying mechanisms of these different benefits remain to be elucidated. The aim of this review is to provide a brief summary of the benefits of metformin and to discuss the possible underlying mechanisms.
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PMID:Metformin and Its Benefits for Various Diseases. 3242 81