Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0476089 (endometrial cancer)
 11,379 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Menstrual abnormalities, such as menometrorrhagia and amenorrhea, occur with great frequency before liver transplantation due to chronic liver disease. This study of 19 patients, of whom 2 had prior hysterectomies and 6 had regular cycles, reported that only two 41 year old women still had irregular menstrual patterns after transplantation. There was no endometrial carcinoma. Thirteen had regular menstrual cycles with a median of 8 weeks afterwards, and two had a secondary amenorrhea at the ages 38 and 41. Also, two patients received cervical conization due to carcinoma, and two had healthy babies even though one had some cholestasia between the 36 and 38th weeks. Preoperative procedures included 5 curettages for menometrorrhagia, 1 prolapsis operation and tubal sterilization. The 12 patients over 45 years, of whom 1 had a hysterectomy, never regained a menstrual cycle after transplantation. Other preoperative procedures included 4 curettages for menometrorrhagia and postmenopausal blood loss, 1 cervix conization, 1 prolapsis operation, and 2 tubal sterilizations. It is suggested that contraception be used for the 1st year following transplantation, and that sterilization is not necessary when transplantation is an option; this would minimize the high rate of hysterectomy in primary biliary cirrhosis.
 ...
PMID:Normalization of menstrual pattern after liver transplantation: consequences for contraception. 228 99

Oral contraceptives are discussed with respect to: 1) the relationship between orals and thrombophlebitis and pulmonary embolism, cerbrovascular accidents, and hypertension; 2) effects of contraceptives on subsequent pregnancy; 3) postpartum use of oral contraceptives; 4) effects of orals on menopause; 5) the growth of uterine leiomyomas; 6) breast and ovarian changes; 7) relation of oral contraceptives to secondary amenorrhea and infertility; 8) relationship between orals and cancer of the breast and cervix, and endometrial carcinoma; and 9) contraindications and cautions in the use of oral contraceptives.
 ...
PMID:Present status of oral contraceptives: 2. Complications, special considerations, relationship to cancer, cautions. 1222 84

Secondary amenorrhea in women with normal estrogen levels increases the risk of endometrial carcinoma. Cyclical dydrogesterone induces regular withdrawal bleeding and effectively protects the endometrium of postmenopausal women receiving estrogens. In order to assess the efficacy of dydrogesterone in inducing regular withdrawal bleeds in premenopausal women with secondary amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea and normal estrogen levels, a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter study was conducted in 104 women using cyclical dydrogesterone as is used for estrogen replacement therapy. Treatment consisted of dydrogesterone (10 mg/day on days 1-14 followed by placebo on days 15-28 of each cycle) given for six cycles of 28 days. The control group received placebo throughout the six cycles. Bleeding was documented by the patient on diary cards. The number of women with withdrawal bleeding during the first cycle was twice as high in the dydrogesterone group as in the placebo group (65.4% vs. 30.8%; p = 0.0004). Superiority of dydrogesterone was also observed for regularity of bleeding over the six cycles (p < 0.0001), although endometrial thickness after six cycles did not differ between the groups. In conclusion, dydrogesterone is significantly superior to placebo in inducing withdrawal bleeding, and maintaining regular bleeding, in women with secondary amenorrhea and normal estrogen levels.
 ...
PMID:Cyclical dydrogesterone in secondary amenorrhea: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study. 1789 96

Menstrual patterns can be an indicator of overall health and self-perception of well-being. Primary amenorrhea, defined as the lifelong absence of menses, requires evaluation if menarche has not occurred by 15 years of age or three years post-thelarche. Secondary amenorrhea is characterized by cessation of previously regular menses for three months or previously irregular menses for six months and warrants evaluation. Clinicians may consider etiologies of amenorrhea categorically as outflow tract abnormalities, primary ovarian insufficiency, hypothalamic or pituitary disorders, other endocrine gland disorders, sequelae of chronic disease, physiologic, or induced. The history should include menstrual onset and patterns, eating and exercise habits, presence of psychosocial stressors, body weight changes, medication use, galactorrhea, and chronic illness. Additional questions may target neurologic, vasomotor, hyperandrogenic, or thyroid-related symptoms. The physical examination should identify anthropometric and pubertal development trends. All patients should be offered a pregnancy test and assessment of serum follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin, and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels. Additional testing, including karyotyping, serum androgen evaluation, and pelvic or brain imaging, should be individualized. Patients with primary ovarian insufficiency can maintain unpredictable ovary function and may require hormone replacement therapy, contraception, or infertility services. Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea may indicate disordered eating and low bone density. Treatment should address the underlying cause. Patients with polycystic ovary syndrome should undergo screening and intervention to attenuate metabolic disease and endometrial cancer risk. Amenorrhea can be associated with clinically challenging pathology and may require lifelong treatment. Patients will benefit from ample time with the clinician, sensitivity, and emotional support.
 ...
PMID:Amenorrhea: A Systematic Approach to Diagnosis and Management. 3125 90