Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0476089 (endometrial cancer)
 11,379 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Sera from cancer patients and healthy individuals, obtained from two independent sources, were examined for their abilities to react with herpes simplex virus-associated tumor antigens, AG-4 and NVA-TAA (nonvirion antigen-tumor-associated antigen). Both antigens were prepared by infection of HEp-2 cells with herpes simplex virus type 2, and all antigen-antibody interactions were measured by the micro-complement fixation test. Of sera from 16 patients with cancer of the uterine cervix, 81% (P less than 0.01) reacted with NVA-TAA, whereas 78% (P less than 0.001) of 18 sera examined reacted with AG-4. These values differed significantly from those for normal sera, of which 14% reacted with NVA-TAA and 13% with AG-4. Of sera for 8 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck or vulva, 75% (P less than 0.02) reacted with NVA-TAA, whereas 63% (P less than 0.05) reacted with AG-4. As a group, other cancers (including adenocarcinoma of lung, breast, ovary, and cervix; liposarcoma; sarcoma; melanoma; and carcinoma of the endometrium) did not differ significantly from controls in reactive patterns with AG-4 or NVA-TAA. These studies partly supported the reported preferential reactivity of AG-4 and NVA-TAA with sera of patients with squamous cell carcinoma, especially of the uterine cervix.
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PMID:Comparative diagnostic aspects of herpes simplex virus tumor-associated antigens. 18 98

This lengthy discussion of possible associations between both endogenous and exogenous estrogens and progestins to occurrence of human cancers begins by discussing endogenous metabolism of the 2 sex steroid types. For example, the endogenous production of estrogen is associated with anovulation and endometrial cancer, although clearly other risk factors are associated with these diseases, and breast cancer, which account for some or all of the sex hormones apparent carcinogenic effect. Also discussed are the modulating effects of estriol on response of the breast and endometrium to estradiol and estrogens, and the modulating effects of androgens on development of breast cancer. The bulk of the monograph concerns summaries of data on the correlations of exogenous sex hormones and human cancers. Attention is also paid to the use of exogenous sex hormones for treatments of human cancers. Estrogens have been used to treat endometrial cancer, breast cancer, and benign breast disease. Side effects of hormonal contraception discussed include gross and microscopic changes in the breast, benign breast disease, and breast cancer; in the uterus, exogenous hormonal contraception is associated with neoplastic changes in the cervix, cervical neoplasia, endometrial cancer, trophoblastic tumors, and uterine fibroids. Ovarian effects include nonneoplastic and benign lesions and ovarian cancers. Oral contraception may also correlate with incidences of pituitary and melanoma malignancies. Liver effects include both benign neoplasms and malignant tumors.
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PMID:Oestrogens and progestins in relation to human cancer. 39 83

An overview of the risk of developing cancer related to oral contraceptive (o.c.) use is presented. A committee of experts affiliated with WHO studied the problem of developing cancer related to o.c. use. O.c. use for more than 2 years prevents the formation of benign breast tumors, even after discontinuing o.c. use. The effect is due to the progestin component. There is no clear indication that o.c. use increases the risk of breast cancer. A higher risk of endometrial cancer is associated with sequential preparation use, but not with the use of combination preparations. Cervical neoplasms and pituitary adenoma may be more frequent among predisposed women who use o.c.s. Studies show a reduced risk of ovarian cancer with o.c. use, but more studies are necessary. There is a marked increase in the relative risk of developing hepatocellular adenoma among women who use o.c.s for longer than 3 years. The risk increases with the hormone dosage, the duration of treatment, and the age of the patient. There is no reliable data to indicate that the risk of malignant melanoma increases with o.c. use. More study is needed to determine the possible cancer risks of injection preparations. Combination preparations can cause an increased risk of vaginal epithelial metaplasia. Diethylstilbestrol taken during early pregnancy can cause vaginal neoplasms in the offspring. More epidemiological studies and clinical and laboratory studies on the carcinogenic effects of o.c.s and the endocrinological effects of o.c.s on younger women should be undertaken. It is recommended that o.c.s with the lowest possible hormone dosages be used. O.c.s should not be prescribed to women with vaginal adenosis.
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PMID:[Oral contraceptives and the risk of neoplasms]. 44 57

The immunobiology of heterotransplanted human tumors was investigated following transplantation into nude mice of human bronchogenic, colon, rectal, ovarian, gastric, endometrial, vaginal, bladder, renal, esophageal, embryonic cell, pancreatic, and breast carcinoma, as well as fibrosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, malignant melanoma, astrocytoma, Wilm's tumor, endometrial hyperplasia, and hydatidiform mole. Several of these tumors were passaged up to 15 generations. During these passages no changes in latency period for tumor development or in histology were noted. There were significant differences between several tumors in the minimum number of cells required for successful transplantation; such differences were independent of the basic biologic aggressiveness of the individual tumors. Nude mice that received transplants of fibrosarcoma and endometrial carcinoma had increased serum IgM and numbers of spleen cells and complement receptor lymphocytes. No such changes were noted for mice that received transplants of malignant melanoma, In contrast, there were no apparent differences in the responses of nude mice, who were given transplants of human tumors, to be T-cell mitogens concanavalin A or phytohemagglutinin or in the number of theta-bearing spleen cells. The success rate for transplantation was significantly improved when explants, rather than single-cell suspensions, were performed. Tumors transplanted to nude mice derived from strictly homozygous matings behaved like tumors transplanted to mice born of heterozygous mothers. Finally, despite the dramatic size of subcutaneous tumor nodules, there were no examples of invasion or distant metastases.
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PMID:Immunobiology of heterotransplanted human tumors in nude mice. 85 33

Since hormones relate to the etiology of breast cancer, 40 studies have looked at the possible association of oral contraceptives (OCs) with breast cancer. Most research conducted through 1986 and including the largest related case control study and several after 1986 found no association between ever use of OCs and breast cancer. On the other hand, some studies conducted after 1986 with women 45 years old who had breast cancer and had taken OCs have suggested a dose response relationship, 2 fold increased risk of breast cancer, or increased risk with duration of OC use. These results motivated several organizations to review the literature and to issue guidelines. The US Food and Drug Administration, the UK Committee on the Safety of Medicines, and IPPF did not find a reason to change practices. The Committee on the Safety of Medicines did suggest, however, that health providers mention the possible increase in risk. At least 8 studies have revealed an increased risk of cervical cancer with duration of OC use, especially after 5 years of use. Yet experience has disclosed an obstacle to understanding the relationship between cervical cancer and OC use--cervical cancer may be caused by the human papilloma virus transmitted by sexual intercourse. Unlike results of breast and cervical cancer research, research results have clearly established that OC use lowers the risk of endometrial cancer by about 50% and the risk of ovarian cancer by about 40%. In fact, the US Cancer and Steroid Hormone [CASH] study showed a protective effect of OCs for endometrial and ovarian cancers at least 15 years after discontinuation. Even though some studies found a dose response effect with duration of use, a large international study did not find any relationship between OC us and liver cancer. Moreover studies did not reveal an association between OC use and malignant melanoma or pituitary adenoma.
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PMID:Neoplastic effects of oral contraceptives. 167 77

Concerns over the safety of oral contraceptives (OCs) have led to numerous empirical studies of the relationship of OC use to normal pregnancy outcomes, pituitary effects, cardiovascular accidents, and cancer. The article reviews some of the results of studies on the effects of OC use on ovarian, uterine, cervical, and breast cancer and on hepatic cancer and melanomas. Reference is made to direct study results rather than to reviews of studies, although it is noted that the critical reviews of Goldzieher and Realini reflect appropriate critiques of the validity of the methods employed in the analysis of cancers as well as cardiovascular risks. Concern is raised for meta-analysis of pooled data. In spite of the 30 years of research on OCs there is no definitive answer to the question of cause and effect. The epidemiological articles reviewed do not meet the standards of critical editorial review boards of experimental journals; confirmation of findings is also lacking. Studies suggesting increased risks as well as those showing positive benefits are questionable. The conclusion reached is that OCs protect against ovarian and uterine cancers and do not cause mammary, cervical, or liver cancer or melanoma. This conclusion is based on inconclusive data. The conclusion on hepatic cancer is that the 3 retrospective case control studies and anecdotal reports are flawed in design, and little confidence can be placed on such a limited number of cases. Malignant melanoma conclusions are that the data are inconsistent and hover around a risk of one for long-term OC-users. There is no increased risk related to OC-use. Ovarian cancer risk seems to be decreased in about 40% of OC-users. Endometrial cancer risk seems to be decreased, except for the sequential contraceptive Oracon which is associated with increased risk. Decreased risk is related to length of usage and continues after stoppage. Cervical carcinoma results appear to confirm the finding that prolonged OC use slightly increases the risk, but confounding factors may be present. Breast cancer shows no association with OC use, but inconsistent data among subgroups, particularly young women who used OCs before their first birth, some increased risks show.
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PMID:Oral contraceptives and cancer. 168 3

The use of megestrol acetate in treatment of malignancy (endometrial carcinoma, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, renal cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma), endometrial hyperplasia, benign prostatic hypertrophy, contraception, anorexia, cachexia and weight loss is reviewed, concluding with a toxicity profile. Megestrol acetate was introduced in 1971 for treatment of endometrial carcinoma. Megestrol acetate is probably effective in proportion to the number of cytoplasmic progesterone receptors, but it has not been tested in a Phase III trial. For ovarian cancer it has been reported to be effective in 1 trail at doses of 800 mg/day. Prostate cancer, although difficult to assess, responds to megestrol acetate at doses of 120 mg/day because of its suppression of gonadotropins, its inhibition of 5alpha-reductase and its binding to the dihydrotestosterone receptor. Megestrol acetate permits a lower dose of diethylstilbestrol, and thus lower toxicity. There is apparently a dose-response between megestrol acetate and breast cancer, along with a response dependent on the number and type of estrogen and progestin receptors. Responses are better in postmenopausal women, and additive with other agents such as tamoxifen and mitomycin C. The medium duration of effect is 6-8 months. It has no effect on renal cancer or malignant melanoma. Megestrol acetate can be considered as an effective medical alternative to surgery for endometrial hyperplasia or benign prostatic hypertrophy. As a contraceptive in inhibits sperm transport rather than ovulation, but also causes irregular bleeding. Megestrol acetate has few side effects, and has the advantage of stimulating appetite and weight gain, a benefit in cancer patients.
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PMID:Megestrol acetate: clinical experience. 247 90

The objectives of this article on epidemiological studies of health risks from oral contraceptives (OCs) is to review major studies of the association between OCs and circulatory disease and cancer. It is also to emphasize methodologic limitations of the existing data, and to identify unresolved and important questions. A brief discourse on the nature and imputation of relative risk is provided. Cardiovascular diseases covered include ischemic heart disease, stroke, and thromboembolism. Current studies on low dose pills from 3 large US populations reveal that there is no impact of death from use of OCs. A Great Britain and the Walnut Creek study from the US found a slight but not statistically significant increase in ischemic heart disease. These studies also found a statistically significant 3-fold increase in stroke among OC users and, from another study, a 2-fold increase. These studies were based on high levels of ethinyl estradiol where the risk becomes apparent. The risk for idiopathic venous thromboembolism was 3- 8 fold for current OC users. The accuracy of these findings is questioned when the data reflect such heterogeneity. Cancer is differentiated as breast cancer, endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, malignant melanoma, and hepatocellular adenoma. For breast cancer, both case control studies as well as cohort studies found no increase in breast cancer. Future additional research will continue to explore unanswered questions about this association. Beneficial effects of OCs occur for endometrial cancer for as long as 15 years after taking the pill. Only 1 year's use resulted in a 50% reduction in risk of endometrial cancer regardless of pill dose and particularly for nulliparous women, who have an increased risk. The longer duration of use of the OCs results in a protective effect against ovarian cancer, i.e., 5 years of use yields as relative risk of below 0.5 and the results of a protective effect can be seen as early as 3 months after pill use. There is about 40% protection against ovarian cancer even with low dose pills; the effect lasts 15 years after cessation of OC use. Cervical cancer studies have shown mixed results. The human papilloma viruses 16 and 18 have been shown to be related to cervical cancer but further research is needed to identify the association with OCs. Data are inconclusive but lean in the direction of no association with malignant melanoma. Hepatocellular adenoma has not been identified in large vital statistics studies, although several small studies have suggested an increased risk. It has been shown by Fortney et al. that with a 50% increase in cervical cancer risk and a 3-4 fold increase in cardiovascular disease risk that OC use for 5 years before the age of 30 years adds 4 days to a health women's life.
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PMID:Results of oral contraceptive epidemiologic studies regarding neoplastic and cardiovascular effects. 257 54

Cancer risk following treatment with non-contraceptive estrogens was studied in a population-based cohort of 23,244 women. Complete follow-up for an average of 6.7 years revealed 1,087 incident cancers versus 962.5 expected (relative risk/RR/ = 1.13; 95% confidence interval 1.10-1.20). We confirmed the recent findings of a more detailed analysis of the same cohort, based on a 1-year shorter follow-up period, namely: a markedly increased risk of endometrial cancer (RR = 1.8; 1.5-2.1), notably in women receiving potent estrogens, i.e., conjugated estrogens or estradiol (RR = 2.0; 1.6-2.4), and a slightly increased risk of breast cancer (RR = 1.1; 1.0-1.2). A slightly decreased risk of invasive cervical cancer (RR = 0.8; 0.5-1.2) is most likely due to more frequent smear taking than in the background population. There was no increase in the risk of cancer of ovary (RR = 1.0; 0.8-1.2), pancreas (RR = 0.8; 0.5-1.2), large bowel (RR = 1.0; 0.8-1.2) or kidney (RR = 1.0; 0.7-1.4). The risk of developing cancer in liver or biliary tract was lower than expected (RR = 0.4; 0.2-0.7), particularly in women who had used potent estrogens (RR = 0.3; 0.1-0.6), an unexpected finding which warrants further studies. Increased risks of malignant melanoma (RR = 1.5; 1.0-2.1) and lung cancer (RR = 1.3; 0.9-1.7) need cautious interpretation because of their low magnitude, the absence of a biological gradient when subgroups were analyzed and the slightly higher prevalence of smokers in the cohort than in the background population.
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PMID:Risk of cancer in women receiving hormone replacement therapy. 258 65

The risks and benefits of using oral contraceptives are reviewed critically, considering only large controlled, statistically sound studies. Generally insufficient time has elapsed to evaluate the current generation of low dose combined and triphasic pills. The most salutary effect of oral contraceptives is an approximate 60% reduced risk for ovarian cancer, the leading gynecologic neoplasm, invariably fatal. Endometrial cancer risk is cut by about half. Both ovarian and endometrial cancer risk reduction persists after discontinuation. Pills reduce the incidence of benign fibrocystic and fibroadenomatous breast disease, avoiding about 20,000 hospitalizations yearly. Also numbers of functional ovarian cysts are reduced in pill users, eliminating about 3000 major hospitalizations annually. Pills reduce risk of pelvic infection of 10-70%, thereby lowering the potential for ectopic pregnancy: about 10,000 hospitalizations for ectopic pregnancy are said to be prevented. In contrast, pills do modestly increase the risk of developing idiopathic venous thromboembolism, by about 2.8-fold, as estimated in 1985. Due to recent reductions in steroid doses, the statistics on thromboembolism will probably improve. Pills also cause mild elevations in blood pressure, about 4 mm Hg systolic and 1 mm Hg diastolic, in 1,5% of users, which resolve on discontinuation. There are inconsistent results from studies on chance of strokes in pill users. Studies on heart attack find increased risk largely confined to smoker and older women, up to 34-fold higher risk to heavy smokers over 40. Generally in young healthy women, risk of heart attack is less than that in term pregnancy. Although there are some indications of increased breast cancer risk in some subgroups of women, most recent large studies find no association. Similarly, certain women are at increased risk of cervical cancer while using pills, although the specific risk factors have not been delineated. The risk of liver tumors is enhanced statistically, but the absolute numbers of cases are so low as to be unmeasurable. No sound evidence now exists for heightened risk of pituitary tumors or malignant melanoma.
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PMID:The risks and benefits of oral contraceptives. 264 61


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